Aiman Malikk

@Vanarchain | #Vanar | $VANRY
We see payments as core infrastructure for autonomous agents rather than as a peripheral feature. When agents transact autonomously they require reliable settlement rails predictable cost and clear audit trails. Without these properties automated workflows will fail to scale.
In this article we explain why traditional settlement models break for machine driven commerce and how Vanar together with VANRY addresses those gaps in a practical way.
First we frame the settlement challenge. Autonomous agents will execute many small transactions over time. These include micro payments subscription renewals data purchases and conditional payouts. Most existing blockchains impose variable fees and slow finality that disrupt these flows. Wallet centric user experiences force human gestures into automated processes. Off chain payment rails create trust gaps and add reconciliation overhead. Oracles introduce latency and add points of failure. The fundamental mismatch is between human oriented payment design and machine scale commerce.
Next we define what agents actually need from a payments layer. Agents need predictable cost so that economic models are reliable. They need fast finality so that state changes are meaningful to counterparties. They need verifiable provenance so settlement reflects auditable facts.
They need programmable settlement so that complex conditions trigger transfers automatically. They need low operational friction so builders can onboard agents quickly. They need composable liquidity so funds can move across ecosystems when required.
This is where Vanar becomes relevant. Vanar offers an L1 that combines primitives for memory reasoning automation and settlement in a unified environment. At the base layer we get EVM compatibility predictable low cost transactions and rapid finality. Above that Neutron provides persistent semantic memory. Kayon supplies on chain reasoning and validation.
Axon and Flows enable autonomous orchestration and industry templates. These layers allow agents to validate conditions reason about context and then settle payments inside the same trusted environment. Keeping the full loop on chain removes many reconciliation steps and reduces dispute friction.
VANRY plays a central role as the settlement unit. We view VANRY as the token that prices storage reasoning compute and automated action. Agents pay VANRY for storing Seeds and for running reasoning jobs. Staked VANRY secures validators who provide reasoning services.
Fee mechanics can burn a portion of fees to create supply discipline. Tying token use to measurable activity makes settlement predictable and aligns incentives across operators builders and end users.
Predictable pricing is a deliberate design choice. Vanar expresses fees in stable equivalents and offers fixed fee options for common operations. With predictable costs builders can design subscription models metered APIs and SLAs that enterprises accept. Agents can budget for settlement ahead of time and avoid failed actions due to sudden fee spikes. Predictability reduces human intervention and enables seamless automated flows.
On chain reasoning and verifiable memory change the game for disputes. When a payment depends on a factual check the reasoning steps that led to that check are stored on ledger state. Parties can audit the inputs the logic and the outcome. Dispute resolution becomes a mechanical exercise rather than an adversarial one. This reduces legal friction and speeds finality for automated contracts.
Developer experience accelerates adoption. Vanar provides SDKs templates and Flow libraries that make it straightforward to instrument billing and settlement in VANRY. Builders no longer need to build bespoke bridges or ad hoc oracle stacks.
When settlement primitives are native to the platform teams focus on domain logic and product experience. Faster integration leads to quicker pilots and to clearer real world proof points.
Cross chain liquidity is a practical enabler for agent economies. Agents may source funds or route settlement across multiple networks. Vanar supports wrapped tokens and bridge options that expand liquidity sources. That flexibility aids cash management and reduces barriers for agents that operate across jurisdictions. We remain cautious about bridge risk and support staged rollouts strong attestation and insurance reserves for high value flows.
We also acknowledge trade offs and risks. On chain reasoning increases node resource demand which influences cost and latency. Billing models must balance granularity with efficiency. Over monetization may centralize services and exclude small players.
We recommend pilots that measure cost per reasoning job latency percentiles and settlement finality under realistic loads. Publish results and iterate on fees and governance as the ecosystem matures.
Our call to action is direct. Treat payments as core infrastructure when you design agent systems. Build pilots that exercise the full loop from data ingestion through reasoning to settlement. Measure economics and publish transparent benchmarks. Use VANRY where settlement requires verifiable on chain context and predictable cost.
In closing we believe payments done right let agents transact at scale with minimal human touch. Vanar and VANRY together offer a practical path by combining native memory on chain reasoning programmable automation and predictable settlement. If builders focus on measurable outcomes developer friendly tooling and transparent governance then autonomous agents will be able to run useful economic activity that is durable auditable and trustworthy.

I believe the foundation of a healthy digital money system is neutrality. A neutral settlement layer treats value the same no matter who moves it. It does not favor one institution or one geography. It provides predictable settlement and trusted finality. In my view Plasma aims to deliver exactly that. It focuses on stablecoin settlement and removes many of the frictions that block real world adoption.
What neutrality means in practice
Neutrality means several practical things. It means no single party can freeze or censor routine transfers. It means settlement rules are transparent and consistent. It means developers and institutions can build on the same rails without worrying about special treatment.
For users it means payments work reliably and predictably. For me neutrality also means a degree of separation from any single commercial interest while still working with partners to deliver liquidity and rails.
Technical building blocks that support neutrality
I look at three technical pillars. First an execution layer that is compatible with common developer tools so builders can move fast. Second a consensus system that delivers rapid finality so payments settle in seconds. Third security anchoring that increases resistance to censorship and long term tampering.
Plasma combines these elements. It is EVM ready so existing smart contracts and wallets integrate with minimal friction. It delivers sub second finality so transfers feel instantaneous. It anchors state in a trust minimized way to provide a higher base level of security.
Why stablecoin first design matters
Money needs a stable unit of account. Stablecoins provide that unit on chain. Plasma centers stablecoins as the primary means of settlement. That design choice simplifies the user experience. It also reduces the risk of users being forced to manage multiple tokens just to pay for basic transfers. When stablecoins are treated as first class money the rails resemble familiar payment systems. For me that is where growth happens.
Security with Bitcoin anchoring
Security is not optional when you move real value. I appreciate a model where settlement benefits from long term proof of work security without sacrificing developer friendliness. Anchoring to a secure external reference increases confidence for large value flows. For institutions that look at operational risk this extra layer of protection matters. It is a practical assurance and not just a marketing point.
User experience and real world adoption
People adopt what feels simple and reliable. I design features around that truth. Zero fee transfers for basic stablecoin moves remove a major adoption barrier. Instant confirmation reduces transaction anxiety. Familiar wallets and cards let users spend without learning complex procedures. When the day to day experience mirrors what people already expect from digital payments adoption accelerates.
Liquidity and the network effect
A neutral layer only works if liquidity is present. I see liquidity as plumbing. It must be deep and accessible. Plasma positions itself to host large pools and to integrate with lending and yield services. That liquidity reduces slippage and improves conversion pathways between local fiat and stablecoins. The more liquidity the more use cases and the stronger the network effect.
Compliance privacy and institutional trust
Neutrality must also work with regulation. I expect practical privacy that preserves normal confidentiality while enabling selective disclosure for audits. I also expect integration with compliance tools so regulated entities can participate. For me the path to mass usage crosses both privacy and compliance. A neutral layer that supports both will attract a wider range of partners.
Governance and long term stability
Neutrality is not just technical. It is governance as well. I want transparent decision making and clear upgrade processes. Stakeholders should have visible channels to propose and to review changes. That creates a stable environment for institutions and for builders. Over time governance choices determine whether a settlement layer remains trusted.
Why Plasma can fill this role
Plasma's focus on stablecoin settlement and on practical features aligns with what I think makes a neutral layer useful. It combines developer compatibility with strong settlement guarantees. It prioritizes real world payment flows rather than speculative features. That pragmatic focus increases the chance that the network becomes a dependable foundation for digital money.
For me the clearest signals of success are daily payment flows across many merchants wallets and services. TVL and liquidity matter only because they support payments that people use repeatedly. When I see instant remittances low cost merchant acceptance and reliable payroll settlements in multiple regions I will be convinced the neutral layer is working.
I believe neutrality is a requirement not an optional feature for global money rails. A neutral settlement layer reduces friction builds trust and enables broad participation. Plasma aims to deliver that layer by focusing on stablecoin settlement secure anchoring and practical usability.
If we want digital dollars to serve everyday needs we need infrastructure that treats every transaction the same and that settles with certainty. That is the core promise of a neutral settlement layer.
@Plasma | #plasma | $XPL

The United States stands on the edge of a big change in how it handles cryptocurrency. All eyes are on the Digital Asset Market Clarity (CLARITY) Act of 2025 what people are calling the crypto market structure bill. The point of this bill is simple draw clear lines for how digital assets get regulated, and, just as important who’s in charge. The SEC? The CFTC? The bill spells it out. The hope is that by ending confusion, the US can protect consumers, encourage innovation, and take the lead in blockchain and crypto technology worldwide.
This push for clear crypto rules didn’t appear out of nowhere. For years, lawmakers and regulators went back and forth, but cracks really started to show when FTX collapsed in 2022. Suddenly, the dangers of a wild-west market with no clear rules came into sharp focus. Earlier efforts, like the Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act (FIT21), started laying the groundwork. FIT21 made history when it passed the House in May 2024, with an impressive 279-136 vote. That made it the first crypto bill to get through a chamber of Congress.
But things didn’t go smoothly after that. The Senate tabled FIT21, slowed by other priorities and pushback from the Biden administration. Lawmakers went back to the drawing board. In May 2025, the House Committees on Financial Services and Agriculture introduced the CLARITY Act. They’d listened to feedback, sharpened definitions, reworked the regulatory scope, and tried to make it all more practical. This time, the process actually brought together Democrats and Republicans, plus industry voices. By September, a dozen Senate Democrats even rolled out their own framework. Real bipartisan momentum was building.
What Does the CLARITY Act Actually Do?
At its core the CLARITY Act sets out to end regulatory guesswork:
It draws a bright line between digital commodities and securities. Bitcoin and similar tokens get classified as digital commodities, so the CFTC handles them. Tokens that look like investment contracts stay with the SEC. Interestingly, the bill lets assets shift from SEC to CFTC oversight if their networks become decentralized enough.
For digital asset exchanges, brokers, and dealers, there’s a provisional registration system. They get to operate while they work toward full compliance, but they have to meet basic disclosure, recordkeeping, and membership standards. It’s an upgrade from the old “notice of intent” model.
Consumer protection gets more teeth. Customer funds must stay segregated. Disclosures have to be clear. Developers need to be transparent about how their projects run and who actually owns them. The goal is to keep fraud in check and give users real confidence.
The bill opens up new ways for developers to raise money, and it allows secondary trading for assets that meet decentralization standards even if those tokens started out as securities.
DeFi and stablecoins get explicit attention too, with the bill trying to tie in other stablecoin legislation for a more complete approach.
The big idea is to move away from vague rules that lead to lawsuits and enforcement actions. Instead, the law aims to give people a real roadmap.
Where Things Stand Now
The CLARITY Act has already gone further than most past crypto bills. In June 2025, it made it through both House Financial Services and Agriculture Committees, with support from both parties. The full House passed it in July.
The Senate has been tougher. As of January 2026, the Senate Agriculture Committee advanced the bill but barely, with a 12-11 vote along party lines. The next stop is the Senate Banking Committee, where the bill’s fate hangs on ongoing negotiations. There’s hope, especially with the Trump administration and industry groups pushing hard. If things line up, the bill could get a full Senate vote in early 2026. But nothing’s certain.
Why This Bill Matters
If Congress turns the CLARITY Act into law, it could rewrite the rules for crypto in America.
For ordinary users, you’d get safer assets, better rules for custody, and less risk from shady platforms. For businesses, clear rules mean more confidence to innovate, invest, and even bring projects back to the US instead of setting up shop overseas.
There’s debate, of course. Critics argue the bill ignores environmental damage or doesn’t go far enough on anti-money-laundering. Supporters think it finally strikes a balance oversight without killing growth.
And the global impact? If the US sets the standard, other regions Europe, Asia, you name it will be watching.
What’s Next?
The CLARITY Act’s future depends on whether Congress can find common ground, especially with midterm elections on the horizon. Whether it passes as written or gets reworked, one thing’s clear this is a turning point. The US finally seems ready to bring crypto into the mainstream financial system, unlocking trillions in value that’s just waiting for a green light.
#USCryptoMarketStructureBill #USPPIJump #USGovShutdown

Vào đầu năm 2026, vàng và bạc - những lựa chọn an toàn cũ kỹ - đã sụp đổ theo cách ngoạn mục. Sau một năm tăng trưởng chóng mặt, cả hai kim loại đã lao dốc, xóa sổ hàng triệu triệu đô la chỉ trong vài ngày. Các tiêu đề trở nên điên cuồng, $10 triệu triệu đã biến mất, vàng giảm 20%, bạc giảm gần 40%. Thật gần như hài hước khi những nơi trú ẩn an toàn được gọi là bỗng nhiên cư xử như những cược đầu cơ hoang dã nhất trên thị trường.
Chuyện gì đã xảy ra? Và các nhà đầu tư nên rút ra điều gì từ tất cả những điều này?
Sự Tích Lũy: Một Cuộc Tăng Trưởng Không Thể Ngừng Lại
Trong suốt năm 2025, vàng và bạc đã bùng nổ. Vàng đã tăng gấp đôi, từ khoảng $2,800 một ounce lên gần $5,600 vào đầu năm 2026. Bạc còn cực đoan hơn, vượt qua $120. Tại sao giá cả lại tăng vọt? Một vài lý do:

@Vanarchain || #Vanar || $VANRY
Trust has always been the backbone of blockchain technology. For a long time Proof of Work defined what that trust looked like. It proved that you could secure digital value without a central gatekeeper. But our world isn’t just about digital coins or smart contracts anymore. AI is moving in, and it’s changing the rules. Suddenly blockchains aren’t just accounting ledgers they’re becoming playgrounds where AI agents can think, make choices and handle transactions all on their own. This shift demands a new standard: Proof of AI Readiness. Vanar Chain makes this concept its foundation.
Let’s break down Proof of Work first. Miners use raw computational power to protect the network. They race to solve tough math problems; the fastest gets to add a new block. This design makes attacks expensive and, over the years, it’s proven resilient. Thanks to Proof of Work, trustless global systems have flourished, and networks have safely stored massive amounts of value.
But Proof of Work emerged in a different era one where blockchains just shuffled tokens or ran basic contracts. It wasn’t built for a world teeming with autonomous, learning systems.
AI systems ask for much more. They need quick responses, constant access to data, and the ability to stitch information together over time. Proof of Work just isn’t up for it. It eats up energy, but the only thing it produces is security not useful work for intelligent agents. Transactions crawl, and there’s no built-in way for AI to remember or reason on chain.
Worse Proof of Work chains bolt intelligence onto the outside. AI operates off chain, and the blockchain just logs the results. This creates isolated silos, chips away at trust, and simply can’t scale for real autonomous economies. As AI agents start making deals and moving money on their own, this gap becomes a real obstacle.
Enter Proof of AI Readiness. This isn’t about one algorithm it’s a framework for asking the right questions. Can this blockchain actually support an AI-driven world? Instead of measuring how much computational power a network can burn through, we’re looking for blockchains that let intelligence run natively.
Vanar Chain sets out to do exactly that. It weaves AI capabilities right into its core, so intelligence isn’t just an add-on it’s part of the DNA.
What does an AI-ready blockchain need? It has to be designed for intelligence from the start. Vanar pulls this off with a layered system, each level tailored for a different part of AI activity.
At the foundation, Vanar’s execution layer handles fast, low-cost transactions. Above that, Neutron provides native on-chain memory, letting AI agents store compressed context without needing outside databases. This means agents remember, right on the blockchain.
Kayon brings on-chain reasoning, so AI decisions aren’t just made they can be explained and verified inside the network. Then you’ve got Axon and Flows, which enable autonomous actions. Agents can run workflows, settle payments, and interact with apps automatically, no human in the loop.
All these pieces work together to turn the blockchain into an intelligence platform, not just a passive ledger.
Vanar also flips the script on energy use. Instead of wasting electricity on endless hashing, it rewards useful, verifiable AI work: things like data processing or model validation. Security and productivity now go hand in hand.
For AI to operate out in the open, trust has to be visible and provable. Vanar makes sure of this. Data provenance, decision logic, and execution are all verifiable on chain. Anyone can audit or trust what an AI agent does. That’s a must for industries where rules matter and for anyone looking to automate finance at scale.
One last thing: AI agents don’t sleep. They’re always trading, negotiating, and moving data. An AI-ready blockchain needs to keep up handling countless microtransactions without delay. Vanar design tackles this with efficient execution and seamless cross-chain compatibility, letting AI agents operate across different ecosystems and always settle value smoothly.
Blockchains are evolving. With Proof of AI Readiness, Vanar Chain shows what’s next.
Vanar doesn’t just talk about value it roots it in what actually happens on the network. Real users, real activity. The whole system runs on VANRY, which powers gas, staking, governance, and payments between agents. As AI activity picks up, the network generates more fees and burns more tokens. So, every bit of growth, every new use, pushes value higher. Instead of wild speculation, you get a model that rewards real, sustainable progress.
Why This Framework Matters
Proof of Work flipped the script on trust in blockchains. Proof of AI Readiness goes further it makes us rethink utility. Can a blockchain actually support intelligent agents, at scale, in a way that’s open, lasting, and easy to verify? That’s the test now.
Look, AI agents will shape the digital economy. Blockchains can’t stay the same. Vanar steps up with a blueprint built for this future. It doesn’t toss out what we learned from Proof of Work; it builds on it, adapting the old foundations for a smarter world.
If you’re a developer investor, or builder sizing up the next wave of blockchains, this new framework sharpens your focus. Security still matters but there’s a bigger question: is the network truly ready for intelligence?

Plasma isn’t just another Layer 1 blockchain. It’s built from the ground up for stablecoins especially USDT and it’s clear the team aimed for speed, reliability, and actual, everyday use. Zero-fee transfers, sub-second finality, more than a thousand transactions per second, EVM compatibility, and Bitcoin-level security Plasma checked all the right boxes. Since its mainnet beta went live in September 2025 it’s already turned into a stablecoin liquidity magnet.
What grabs my attention is how Plasma looks beyond its own chain. The real story is the growing web of partners, integrations, and bridges that make it useful for DeFi, payments, and institutions. These connections don’t just boost numbers they’re turning Plasma into a proving ground for new ideas and real utility.
Core DeFi and Liquidity Partners
Plasma didn’t launch quietly. Right out of the gate it rolled out with over 100 DeFi integrations and a deep stablecoin pool. Aave, Ethena, Fluid, Euler, Pendle these aren’t just big names their involvement signals real momentum.
Aave V3 adds institutional-grade lending and borrowing. When you see the stablecoin supply and borrow ratios, it’s obvious users are moving real value.
Ethena, Fluid, and Euler bring better lending, synthetic dollar yields, and new stablecoin tools.
Pendle opens up yield tokenization and fixed-rate products suddenly, stablecoin strategies get a lot more creative.
It’s no accident that Plasma often ranks as the number two chain by TVL for these protocols.
Institutional and Custody Partners
Plasma is pulling in serious capital and institutions are jumping in.
Bitfinex backs the chain adds liquidity, and helps distribute USDT.
Chainlink delivers dependable price feeds vital for both DeFi and real-world asset products.
With partners like these Plasma is setting itself up for regulated adoption and large-scale use, not just crypto-native attention.
Payment and Fiat Bridges
For real-world payments, Plasma’s zero-fee USDT transfer model is hard to beat.
Alchemy Pay lets users on-ramp and off-ramp fiat in more than 100 countries.
Stripe Bridge and ZeroHash make life easier for merchants and developers.
NEAR Intents connect Plasma to liquidity on 25+ networks with cross-chain stablecoin settlements.
Together, these bridges cut down friction for remittances cross-border payments, and open up new markets.
Real-World Asset and Yield Innovation
Plasma isn’t stopping at crypto assets. Its work with real-world assets genuinely stands out.
Daylight Energy is launching GRID and sGRID tokens, both backed by electricity revenue.
This brings something tangible into DeFi now users can chase stablecoin yields with real-world backing, not just algorithmic promises.
Compliance and Monitoring
It’s easy to overlook compliance but Plasma doesn’t. Automated KYT monitoring makes sure exchanges, institutions, and regulators can interact with confidence.
Why This Matters for the Broader Ecosystem
Plasma isn’t trying to be a jack-of-all-trades. It’s focused fast, reliable, purpose-built stablecoin infrastructure. By pulling together DeFi blue-chips payment rails, institutional muscle, and real-world asset innovation, Plasma is building genuine network effects. That leads to faster stablecoin flows, smoother global payments, more on-chain activity, and greater utility for XPL.
What’s next? Expect more real-world asset launches, expansion of Plasma One (their neobank with yield accounts and cards), new cross-chain bridges, and pilots with enterprises and fintechs in emerging markets.
$XPL isn’t just another token. It’s the fuel for a high-speed, specialized stablecoin economy one that bridges crypto and traditional finance in ways that finally make sense.
#plasma @Plasma

Vào đầu năm 2026, BNB Chain đã tạo ra một vị trí là một trong những hệ sinh thái blockchain năng động nhất thế giới. Mạng lưới hiện xử lý hàng triệu giao dịch mỗi ngày. Nó được trang bị đầy đủ các giao dịch DeFi, chạy các trò chơi nhanh như chớp và các ứng dụng xã hội, và ngày càng cung cấp năng lượng cho các tác nhân AI, tài sản thực và các mạng lưới dữ liệu phi tập trung.
Điều thực sự làm cho BNB Chain nổi bật là triết lý One BNB của nó. Thay vì các mạng lưới riêng biệt, BNB Smart Chain (BSC) opBNB và BNB Greenfield làm việc cùng nhau như một hệ thống đa chuỗi thống nhất. Các nhà phát triển và người dùng nhận được giao dịch nhanh, phí thấp và lưu trữ phi tập trung, tất cả đều với token BNB ở trung tâm.

Bitcoin giảm khoảng 40% so với mức cao năm 2025 và chắc chắn điều đó đủ để thu hút sự chú ý. Hiện tại, đầu tháng Hai năm 2026, BTC đang giao dịch ở đâu đó giữa $76,000 và $79,000, thấp hơn nhiều so với đỉnh cuối năm 2025 gần $126,000. Nhìn thoáng qua có vẻ sốc nhưng hãy lùi lại một chút so với những gì Bitcoin đã sống sót trước đó, đợt giảm này gần như không đáng kể.
Nhìn vào các con số Trở lại năm 2017–2018 Bitcoin đã giảm 84% từ $19,800 xuống chỉ còn $3,200. Tháng 3 năm 2020 cũng là một cú sốc khi nỗi hoảng loạn COVID đã làm giá giảm 70% chỉ trong vài tuần. Còn chu kỳ 2021–2022? Một chu kỳ tàn nhẫn khác từ $69,000 xuống $15,500, tương đương với mức lỗ khoảng 77%. Lịch sử Bitcoin đầy rẫy những lần giảm giá mà khiến đợt điều chỉnh hiện tại trông nhẹ nhàng.

@Vanarchain | #Vanar | $VANRY
Thông lượng cao một mình không khiến blockchain sẵn sàng cho AI. Mọi người đều ám ảnh về TPS và độ trễ, và chắc chắn, những con số đó quan trọng. Nhưng chúng chỉ là một phần của câu đố. Các tác nhân AI cần nhiều hơn là giao dịch nhanh. Sự sẵn sàng thực sự cho AI có nghĩa là bộ nhớ gốc trên chuỗi, lý luận xác định, tự động hóa có thể kiểm toán, thanh toán có thể dự đoán, và trải nghiệm phát triển không khiến bạn muốn kéo tóc mình ra. Vanar thực sự kết hợp những yếu tố này theo một cách có ý nghĩa.

@Plasma || Giao dịch USDT không cần gas là một vấn đề lớn và cách Plasma có thể biến điều này thành thứ mà mọi người đều sử dụng. Khi tôi nghĩ về thanh toán, những vấn đề lớn nhất là giá cả, tốc độ và độ khó khi sử dụng. Plasma giải quyết ba vấn đề này một cách trực tiếp. Đó là lý do tại sao các giao dịch không cần gas không chỉ là một mẹo hay mà còn là một cách thực tế để khiến mọi người thực sự sử dụng crypto.
Các giao dịch không cần gas thực sự có ý nghĩa gì đối với người dùng Giao dịch không cần gas cho phép mọi người gửi USDT mà không cần phải nắm giữ một mã thông báo đặc biệt hoặc lo lắng về phí. Đối với những người bình thường, điều này loại bỏ một bước khó hiểu. Nếu bạn thường xuyên gửi các khoản nhỏ, phí thực sự có thể tích tụ và ngăn cản bạn sử dụng nó. Khi mạng trả tiền cho các giao dịch cơ bản, không có chi phí nào để lo lắng. Điều này khiến stablecoin trở nên hữu ích cho các khoản thanh toán nhỏ, doanh số bán hàng tại cửa hàng và gửi tiền cho gia đình, điều này rất quan trọng đối với nhiều người và các doanh nghiệp nhỏ.