#美国加征关税

1. Basic Concepts of U.S. Tariffs

Tariffs are taxes imposed by the government on imported goods, aimed at protecting domestic industries, increasing fiscal revenue, or serving as bargaining chips. The U.S. government has historically adopted high or low tariff policies at different stages of history.

2. Historical Background

• **19th Century:** The U.S. previously implemented high tariff policies to protect emerging industries.

• 1930s: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act led to a global trade war and was one of the factors exacerbating the Great Depression.

• **Post-War to Present:** The U.S. participated in the creation of GATT and WTO, promoting global free trade.

3. Tariff Policies during the Trump Era

• **U.S.-China Trade War:** Starting in 2018, the U.S. imposed tariffs on Chinese goods for reasons including intellectual property and trade deficits.

• **Allied Countries Also Affected:** For example, tariffs were imposed on steel and aluminum products from the EU and Japan.

4. Biden Administration's Stance

• The Biden administration did not fully revoke the tariffs from the Trump era but slightly eased them in certain areas.

• At the same time, it emphasizes “coordinating with allies” to combat China’s “non-market behavior” in global trade.

5. Impact of Tariffs

• **On U.S. Consumers:** Imported goods become more expensive, leading to increased costs.

• **On U.S. Businesses:** Some benefit (like steel companies), while others suffer (such as manufacturers reliant on Chinese products).

• **On Global Supply Chains:** Causing fluctuations, with some companies seeking to “decouple from China.”

• **On the World Economy:** Escalating trade tensions and triggering retaliatory tariffs.