Sovereign Bitcoin Holdings by Countries (as of November 2025)
Sovereign Bitcoin Holdings by Countries (as of November 2025)
Governments worldwide now control over 517,000 BTC—about 2.5% of Bitcoin's total supply—primarily through seizures, mining, and strategic purchases. This marks a surge in sovereign adoption, with nations like the US and China leading via law enforcement forfeitures, while smaller countries like Bhutan and El Salvador actively mine or buy. Values are approximate based on BTC at ~$110,000 (current price as of Nov 18, 2025). Data compiled from blockchain analytics (e.g., Arkham Intelligence), reports, and recent updates; holdings fluctuate with market prices and actions.
Here's a ranked list of the top 10 countries by BTC held (direct holdings only; indirect ETF exposure not included unless noted):
Rank
Country
BTC Held
USD Value (Approx.)
Notes/Source
1
United States
198,000
$21.8 billion
Mostly from seizures (e.g., Silk Road, Bitfinex hack); Strategic Bitcoin Reserve established March 2025 via executive order.
2
China
190,000
$20.9 billion
Seized assets despite crypto bans; second-largest holder.
3
United Kingdom
61,000
$6.7 billion
Primarily from enforcement actions and bankruptcies.
4
Ukraine
46,000
$5.1 billion
From seizures and donations amid conflict; not intentional accumulation.
5
North Korea
14,000
$1.5 billion
Linked to state-sponsored hacks (e.g., Lazarus Group); sold $1B+ since March 2025.
6
Bhutan
13,000
$1.4 billion
Mined via hydropower (Druk Holding & Investments); ~30-40% of GDP, highest per capita.
7
United Arab Emirates
6,300
$693 million
Mostly from Citadel mining ops (Abu Dhabi-linked); up from $700M in Aug 2025.
8
El Salvador
6,367
$700 million
Active purchases (29 BTC added Nov 2025); legal tender until IMF bailout repealed it early 2025.
9
Venezuela
240
$26 million
Seized from local ops; minimal strategic role.
10
Finland
90
$10 million
From historical seizures.
Emerging Trends & Updates
Europe's Shift: Luxembourg allocated 1% (~€7M) of its sovereign wealth fund to BTC ETFs in Oct 2025—first Eurozone nation to do so directly. Czech National Bank bought $1M BTC (first EU central bank on balance sheet). More like Poland, Norway (indirect via MicroStrategy/ETFs, up 192% to 7,161 BTC equiv.), and Switzerland expected.
Asia-Pacific Momentum: Taiwan piloted a strategic reserve; Pakistan launched a national BTC reserve in 2025.
Total Impact: Governments' 2.3-2.5% supply share could stabilize prices but raises centralization risks. For context, this excludes private entities like MicroStrategy (250K+ BTC).
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