-Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin, is estimated to own around 1.1 million Bitcoin, accumulated through mining in Bitcoin's early days.
-Public companies like MicroStrategy and Tesla have made significant investments in Bitcoin, with MicroStrategy holding over 620,000 Bitcoin and Tesla holding over 11,000 Bitcoin by 2025.
-Private companies like Block.one have accumulated large amounts of Bitcoin, contributing to the increasing adoption and acceptance of Bitcoin as a store of value and electronic cash system.
A comprehensive guide to the top Bitcoin holders 🏆
One of the most common questions about the largest cryptocurrency is "Who owns the most Bitcoin ($BTC )?"
It is certainly an interesting topic, but the answer is not as easy as some might think. The nature of digital currencies, such as Bitcoin (BTC), allows users to create cryptocurrency wallets freely without needing to provide any personal documentation.
While the transparent nature of blockchain technology allows anyone to view the balance of any cryptocurrency wallet and its transaction history at any time, it is extremely difficult to know which wallet belongs to whom.
Bitcoin wallet addresses consist of a string of characters and numbers, not personal identification information like birth dates or email addresses. This makes it nearly impossible to know who created these addresses and controls them at a glance.
Other factors complicating the identification of major Bitcoin holders include the regular adjustments that companies, countries, and large Bitcoin holders make to their Bitcoin holdings. As market conditions, regulations, and other factors change, these Bitcoin holders may decide to reduce or increase their exposure to risk.
This indicates that the list of top Bitcoin holders is constantly changing.
Given these factors, we can only provide an overview of the top Bitcoin holders based on the current information available at the time of writing this report.
Individual Bitcoin whales 🐋
"Whale" is a commonly used term in the cryptocurrency industry. It refers to individuals who own a large amount of $BTC (at least 1,000 Bitcoin). This makes these individuals highly influential players in the cryptocurrency market.
Many Bitcoin whales, along with other prominent investors and influencers, contribute to shaping cryptocurrency markets, aiding the increasing adoption and acceptance of Bitcoin as a store of value and electronic cash system.
While the identities of many of these whales remain unknown, some prominent figures have emerged.
Satoshi Nakamoto (approximately 1.1 million Bitcoin) 👤
It is not surprising that Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin, remains the largest holder of the cryptocurrency.
It is estimated that they own an astounding wealth of around 1.1 million Bitcoin.
This massive accumulation of wealth originated from Satoshi Nakamoto's mining activities in the early days of Bitcoin. Some reports indicate that Nakamoto mined up to 54,316 Bitcoin blocks, receiving a 50 Bitcoin block reward for each block before the first halving event.
Interestingly, the thousands of Bitcoin that Nakamoto earned from block rewards have never been spent. In fact, these coins are dormant, distributed across approximately 22,000 different wallet addresses.
If any of these coins move, it could cause significant fluctuations in the value of Bitcoin, negatively impacting the cryptocurrency sector as a whole.
The Winklevoss twins (70,000 Bitcoin) 👥
Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss are prominent figures in the worlds of technology and digital currencies. Their entrepreneurial journey began with the founding of HarvardConnection, the precursor to Facebook, before they famously sued Mark Zuckerberg for allegedly stealing their idea. This settlement resulted in a $65 million payout, which they invested in digital currencies, particularly Bitcoin.
The Winklevoss twins are today considered pioneers in the blockchain and digital currency sectors. In 2015, they co-founded the Gemini cryptocurrency exchange. Through this platform, the twins have established themselves as key players in the digital currency industry.
In 2019, author Ben Mezrich published a biography about Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss's rise to stardom in the digital currency world titled "Bitcoin Billionaires."
The Winklevoss twins are estimated to own around 70,000 $BTC .
Tim Draper (over 29,500 Bitcoin) 🧓🏼
Tim Draper, a prominent venture capitalist, has played a significant role in the world of Bitcoin. Draper's relationship with Bitcoin dates back to 2012 when he made his first purchase.
In 2014, Draper made headlines again by acquiring approximately 29,500 Bitcoin. This significant purchase came through a public auction conducted by the U.S. Marshals Service, where he successfully bought a large amount of Bitcoin that had been seized from the Silk Road market. This acquisition solidified Draper's position as one of the most important Bitcoin holders.
Michael Saylor (17,732 Bitcoin) 🧔
Michael Saylor, a prominent figure in the digital currency world, is widely known as a staunch Bitcoin advocate, serving as the co-founder and CEO of MicroStrategy. Saylor's belief in Bitcoin's potential as a digital asset has driven him to become one of its largest supporters.
Driven by his strong conviction in Bitcoin's future, Saylor has invested heavily in this leading digital currency. In 2020, he publicly stated on platform X that he owns 17,732 Bitcoin.
Under Saylor's leadership, MicroStrategy became one of the first companies to adopt Bitcoin as a corporate treasury asset. In August 2020, the company made headlines by announcing its decision to allocate a significant portion of its balance sheet to Bitcoin, considering it a store of value superior to traditional fiat currencies.
While MicroStrategy is also among the largest Bitcoin holders today, Saylor himself is also one of the largest individual Bitcoin holders.
Companies with the largest Bitcoin holdings 🏢
As the popularity of digital assets increases in corporate and financial institution portfolios, several companies have emerged as major Bitcoin holders. These companies not only diversify their balance sheets but also solidify their positions as leaders in the digital currency markets.
With the potential for returns on investment and confidence in Bitcoin's long-term viability, many companies have amassed large quantities of the digital currency.
Understanding indirect exposure to Bitcoin
Indirect exposure to Bitcoin refers to the concept of investing in assets that mimic the value of Bitcoin.
These assets enhance the ability to invest in the digital currency directly and allow traders to participate in Bitcoin's growth and performance without facing the challenges of digital currency custody. Often, institutions that manage these products buy and hold large amounts of Bitcoin.
One leading example is the Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC), a closed-end fund managed as a subsidiary of the Digital Currency Group. Reports suggest that Grayscale holds around 187,000 Bitcoin (as of 2025). Accredited investors can purchase shares of GBTC at market price, or net asset value (NAV), during daily private placements. After a specified lock-up period, these investors have the opportunity to sell to retail investors in the secondary market.
Another type of asset that provides indirect exposure to the largest cryptocurrency in the world is exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
Bitcoin ETFs come in various forms, but they all provide investors with the opportunity to gain exposure to Bitcoin price movements without having to own it. It is worth noting that the total value of Bitcoin held in ETFs and other Bitcoin-linked assets constantly changes due to market dynamics and investor demand.
Lastly, publicly traded companies involved in blockchain and cryptocurrency represent another means of indirect exposure to Bitcoin. These companies may provide blockchain software development, operate cryptocurrency mining facilities, or offer other types of services in the cryptocurrency sector.
Given its close association with Bitcoin, its stock price is often influenced by Bitcoin's price as well.
Publicly traded companies
MicroStrategy (which recently rebranded itself simply as Strategy) and Tesla are among the prominent public companies that have made significant investments in Bitcoin.
MicroStrategy, a leading business intelligence firm, has emerged as a major advocate for Bitcoin as a digital asset.
As of 2025, the company holds approximately 630,000 Bitcoin, valued at tens of billions of dollars. This notable investment has garnered widespread attention, making MicroStrategy one of the largest institutional investors in Bitcoin.
In February 2021, electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla, led by Elon Musk, announced that it had purchased Bitcoin worth $1.5 billion. As of 2025, Tesla has reduced its Bitcoin holdings to approximately 11,500 Bitcoin.
Other notable public companies that hold large Bitcoin reserves include:
Block Inc., a digital payment services company led by Twitter founder Jack Dorsey, holds 8,485 Bitcoin as of 2025.
Galaxy Digital Holdings, a blockchain company focused on institutions, reportedly holds over 8,100 Bitcoin.
Marathon Digital Holdings, a large Bitcoin mining company, holds approximately 48,000 Bitcoin.
Private companies
Private companies play a significant role in cryptocurrency markets, with many prominent entities accumulating large reserves of Bitcoin. Private companies collectively hold approximately 1.95% of the total Bitcoin reserves, which is just over 410,418 Bitcoin.
Here are several private companies believed to hold some of the largest Bitcoin holdings:
Block.one: Known for its blockchain-based solutions, Block.one has emerged as one of the leading Bitcoin holders. The company, founded by Brendan Blumer and Daniel Larimer, is said to have amassed significant amounts of Bitcoin.
Tezos Foundation: As a nonprofit organization supporting the Tezos blockchain network, the Tezos Foundation focuses not only on developing the platform's technology but also reportedly holds a significant amount of Bitcoin. This strategic move allows the foundation to diversify its holdings and potentially leverage the value of Bitcoin to support its mission.
Tether Holdings: As the company behind the popular stablecoin Tether (USDT), Tether Holdings has garnered significant attention due to its large Bitcoin holdings. Tether is designed to maintain a 1:1 peg with the U.S. dollar, providing stability in the volatile cryptocurrency market.
These private companies, among others, are actively participating in the cryptocurrency market, contributing to the growth and innovation of blockchain technology.
Their significant holdings of Bitcoin enable them to play a key role in the evolving cryptocurrency landscape.
Countries and governments that own Bitcoin
Reports indicate that many countries and governments have amassed large holdings of Bitcoin.
It is known that the Ukrainian government, in particular, holds a significant amount of Bitcoin, with reported holdings of 46,351 Bitcoin.
El Salvador, which recently adopted Bitcoin as legal tender, holds approximately 5,954 Bitcoin.
Finland also holds a significant amount of Bitcoin, with reported holdings of 90 Bitcoin.
Additionally, it is reported that the government of Georgia holds approximately 66 Bitcoin as part of its investment strategy.
These holdings indicate that governments recognize Bitcoin's potential as a digital store of value and are actively adding it to their reserves. The reasons for these accumulations vary from country to country. Some governments may view Bitcoin as a hedge against inflation or as a means to diversify their investment portfolios. Meanwhile, other countries, such as El Salvador, have adopted Bitcoin to enhance financial inclusion and innovation.
This diversity among major Bitcoin holders highlights the growing acceptance and adoption of cryptocurrencies worldwide. As more individuals, companies, and governments explore Bitcoin and other digital currencies, we may witness an increase in Bitcoin's adoption as a speculative store of value.
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