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Solana (SOL) — an ultra-fast blockchain network
When Solana started its journey in 2020, it immediately established itself as a network focused on scalability without compromising decentralization. Founder Anatoly Yakovenko, a former Qualcomm engineer, introduced something fundamentally new into the blockchain architecture — Proof of History (PoH). This is a timing method that allows network nodes to 'trust time', and thus process transactions and blocks in strict sequence without constant checks and waits. In practice, this provides impressive throughput — tens of thousands of transactions per second.

On August 4, information emerged that James Howells had halted the operation to search for the hard drive with 7500 BTC. However, he denied the rumors and announced the release of a token that would secure his legal rights to the lost assets.
According to Howells, Ceiniog Coin (INI) will appear by the end of 2025. The total supply will be 800 billion coins, each linked to 1 satoshi (0.00000001 BTC).

Ripple is one of the oldest and most discussed projects in the crypto industry. It is often confused with the XRP token, but there is an important distinction between them. Ripple is a private company developing solutions for cross-border payments, while XRP is a digital asset used in these solutions. This connection has been the source of both significant attention and major issues.

Cardano is not just another crypto project. It is an attempt to create a blockchain built not on hype and haste, but on a scientific approach and formal verification. Founded by Charles Hoskinson, one of the co-founders of Ethereum, Cardano was conceived from the very beginning as 'blockchain 3.0', which aims to correct the shortcomings of its predecessors.

Tether (USDT): the cornerstone of cryptocurrency liquidity
Tether is not just the most well-known stablecoin. It is a systemically important element of the crypto market, a kind of 'dollar of the crypto world.' Its main function is to provide stability in an unstable environment, acting as a safe haven and a settlement tool between exchanges, protocols, and traders.

BNB: from discount token to the core of the Binance ecosystem
What is BNB?
BNB (formerly Binance Coin) is the native token of the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange, Binance. It was created in 2017 as a utility token for discounts on trading fees. However, since then, its role has significantly expanded.

Ethereum — a decentralized computer and a revolution of smart contracts
After the emergence of Bitcoin, it became clear: value could be transferred without intermediaries. But one young programmer from Canada — Vitalik Buterin — asked himself:
What if we could make the blockchain a universal platform for creating any decentralized applications?

Bitcoin — from digital manifesto to global asset
When the world plunged into a financial crisis in 2008, public trust in banks and regulators was undermined. Against this backdrop of instability, a mysterious figure under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto emerged, publishing a white paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System." This was not just a technical document — it was a challenge to the established system.

Zero-Knowledge technologies have long ceased to be just 'cryptographic exoticism' — today they are becoming the core of Ethereum's scalability. This is especially evident in the case of StarkNet and Scroll — two advanced ZK-rollup solutions that are pushing the industry forward, but do so differently.

Ethereum is a powerful but overloaded network. Layer 2 solutions (L2) alleviate the load from the main layer, reducing fees and increasing speed. Among them, three projects stand out: Arbitrum, Optimism, and zkSync. Let’s figure out what unites them and what distinguishes them.
What is Layer 2?
Layer 2 is a solution that operates on top of Ethereum (or another L1), which processes transactions separately and then publishes their results on the main network. This is:

The increase in liquidity, improved regulation, and a surge in on-chain activity create favorable conditions for the beginning of the alt season. This is stated in Sygnum's third-quarter report, writes Cointelegraph.
In the first half of the year, international political tension and uncertainty in U.S. financial strategy led to a massive sell-off of alternative coins.

Cosmos and Polkadot — an alternative vision of scaling: a multi-blockchain world
While Ethereum and Solana are looking for ways to scale within a single network, Cosmos and Polkadot offer a different philosophy: not to strengthen one network, but to unite many independent blockchains into a single ecosystem.
What is multi-blockchain architecture?

Solana vs Ethereum — two strategies for scalable blockchain
Ethereum and Solana are two leaders in the world of smart contracts, but they have chosen radically different approaches to scaling. Let's analyze the essence of these strategies and what each sacrifices.
Ethereum: modularity and L2
Ethereum bets on a modular architecture:

WalletConnect has long become the standard for connecting wallets to dApps: dozens of networks, millions of sessions, hundreds of projects. And now it also has its own token — WCT.
This token is not just for show:
-is used in staking and rewards,
-grants the right to participate in network governance,
-serves as the basis for building a new fee model in Web3.

Ethereum has long sought to scale without compromising decentralization. One of the key steps on this path is Danksharding, a new approach to sharding adapted for Rollups and working with data.
What is Danksharding?
Danksharding is an advanced sharding model proposed by the Ethereum community (in particular, researcher Dankrad Feist).

In recent weeks, the Pudgy Penguins project team has transferred about 2.1 billion PENGU tokens to centralized exchanges for a total of approximately $66.6 million. Just on Monday, July 28, a transfer of 206.9 million PENGU worth about $8.9 million was made.
According to experts, such a large-scale movement of tokens within the team may signal potential liquidation and price drops, especially against the backdrop of the impressive growth of the token, which has risen by 240% over the month.

Tron Inc. (formerly SRM Entertainment) has filed with the SEC to issue stocks, debt instruments, and other securities worth up to $1 billion. The company will spend these funds to expand its reserve in TRX tokens.
Against the backdrop of the news, the stock price of Tron Inc. increased by 13% to $10.84. The firm's market capitalization exceeded $200 million. After the reverse merger with Justin Sun's project and the rebranding, the indicator skyrocketed by 1300%.

Sharding — what is it and why should the blockchain be divided?
Blockchains suffer from a trio of constraints: scalability, security, and decentralization. Improving one means sacrificing another. To break this triangle, the idea of sharding was proposed — dividing the blockchain into parts.
What is sharding?

Bitcoin is a reliable but slow network: ~7 transactions per second, high fees, especially at peak times.
The solution? Lightning Network is a second layer (L2) that enables instant and cheap BTC payments.
What is the Lightning Network?
Lightning Network (LN) is a network of state channels built on top of the Bitcoin blockchain.