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PINNED
AI Agents and Web3: Preventing Westworld-style Defections
"Have you ever questioned the nature of your reality?"
(Westworld)
1. The role of AI Agent in Web3
The rise and trend of decentralized AI
With the development of blockchain and artificial intelligence, decentralized AI is becoming an emerging trend. Traditional AI is controlled by a few giants and data, but under the decentralized approach, multiple parties can collaborate to contribute computing power and data, alleviate data monopoly and enhance security and inclusiveness.
For example, public chain ecosystems such as BNB Chain are actively exploring decentralized AI infrastructure, gathering idle GPU and other computing resources through incentive mechanisms, and creating distributed "supercomputers" to train large models. In this model, individuals and organizations can contribute idle resources to obtain returns, which is more cost-effective than centralized cloud computing. At the same time, there are also attempts to split large models and have multiple nodes jointly host reasoning (similar to the Petals project that distributes each layer of the LLM model to different nodes) to reduce single-point pressure. These explorations show that decentralized AI infrastructure is taking shape, providing a new path for open innovation of AI models.
(Westworld)
1. The role of AI Agent in Web3
The rise and trend of decentralized AI
With the development of blockchain and artificial intelligence, decentralized AI is becoming an emerging trend. Traditional AI is controlled by a few giants and data, but under the decentralized approach, multiple parties can collaborate to contribute computing power and data, alleviate data monopoly and enhance security and inclusiveness.
For example, public chain ecosystems such as BNB Chain are actively exploring decentralized AI infrastructure, gathering idle GPU and other computing resources through incentive mechanisms, and creating distributed "supercomputers" to train large models. In this model, individuals and organizations can contribute idle resources to obtain returns, which is more cost-effective than centralized cloud computing. At the same time, there are also attempts to split large models and have multiple nodes jointly host reasoning (similar to the Petals project that distributes each layer of the LLM model to different nodes) to reduce single-point pressure. These explorations show that decentralized AI infrastructure is taking shape, providing a new path for open innovation of AI models.
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PINNED
Citizen Z Manifesto: A New Digital Age Proposed by FHE Leaders
<br /><br />https://medium.com/@mindnetwork/citizen-z-manifesto-fhe-leaders-propose-a-new-digital-age-db5d24c71039 <br /><br />
"What would it look like if we could maintain human rights through mathematics, technology, and means beyond control? That is the power of cryptographic technology."
——Edward Snowden, Token2049 2024
"Citizen Z puts forward a future that aligns with Zama's vision, and we are realizing this vision through our FHE products and services. The biggest obstacle to an open data economy is the lack of security and sovereignty protection for data. FHE eliminates this barrier, bringing superior AI, superior asset ownership, superior healthcare, and superior transactions."
"What would it look like if we could maintain human rights through mathematics, technology, and means beyond control? That is the power of cryptographic technology."
——Edward Snowden, Token2049 2024
"Citizen Z puts forward a future that aligns with Zama's vision, and we are realizing this vision through our FHE products and services. The biggest obstacle to an open data economy is the lack of security and sovereignty protection for data. FHE eliminates this barrier, bringing superior AI, superior asset ownership, superior healthcare, and superior transactions."
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Join us for the celebration of #BinanceTurns8, sharing up to $888,888 worth of BNB! https://www.marketwebb.org/activity/binance-turns-8?ref=GRO_19600_0TZVW
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Mind Network: Trusted AI built on FHE
Original text: https://xangle.io/research/detail/2246
1. New conditions in the AI era: trusted infrastructure
Today, AI has rapidly broken through the scope of daily tasks such as searching, writing, and painting, and has expanded into high-level decision-making areas such as disease diagnosis, accounting, and investment judgment. However, as AI deeply penetrates into daily life, its operation mode and data processing still lack reliable guarantees. Most users have no way of knowing what data AI learns and what logic it uses to make decisions - it is almost a "black box", and it is also opaque who controls the exposure boundary of sensitive information.
1. New conditions in the AI era: trusted infrastructure
Today, AI has rapidly broken through the scope of daily tasks such as searching, writing, and painting, and has expanded into high-level decision-making areas such as disease diagnosis, accounting, and investment judgment. However, as AI deeply penetrates into daily life, its operation mode and data processing still lack reliable guarantees. Most users have no way of knowing what data AI learns and what logic it uses to make decisions - it is almost a "black box", and it is also opaque who controls the exposure boundary of sensitive information.
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When will AI Hallucinations and Bias cease? Mira Network strikes back: Reshaping the foundation of AI trust with blockchain
The wave of AI sweeps across the globe, from poetry and painting to code generation; beneath the omnipotent facade lies a fatal Achilles' heel—reliability.
‘AI Hallucinations’ (seriously nonsensical) and ‘Bias’ (colored by training data) haunt us, limiting AI's application in high-risk fields like healthcare, finance, law, and fostering doubt.
As AI becomes stronger, the reliance on human verification deepens, which is undoubtedly a paradox and a significant bottleneck hindering AI's progress towards true autonomous intelligence.
‘AI Hallucinations’ (seriously nonsensical) and ‘Bias’ (colored by training data) haunt us, limiting AI's application in high-risk fields like healthcare, finance, law, and fostering doubt.
As AI becomes stronger, the reliance on human verification deepens, which is undoubtedly a paradox and a significant bottleneck hindering AI's progress towards true autonomous intelligence.
#FHE
Binance News
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Mind Network’s Mission to Mainstream Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) in Web3 and Agentic AI
As privacy concerns intensify in the age of AI and decentralized computing, Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is emerging as a game-changing technology. Mind Network is leading the charge to integrate FHE into the Web3 and Agentic AI stack — enabling encrypted computation without compromising performance or user control. In this exclusive interview, the Mind Network team breaks down how FHE works, why it matters now, and what it means for the future of privacy, DeFi, and decentralized intelligence.Understanding FHE: Vision and Value1- Let’s start with the basics. What is Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), and how does it differ from Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) and Multi-Party Computation (MPC)? Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables computations to be performed directly on encrypted data without ever needing to decrypt it. Unlike Zero-Knowledge Proofs, which validate results without revealing the data, or MPC, which splits computation across parties to maintain privacy, FHE allows a single party to process encrypted information — ensuring both data confidentiality and integrity throughout.2- FHE has long been considered the “holy grail” of encryption. Why is now the right time for its mass adoption?The convergence of optimized FHE algorithms, hardware acceleration, and software improvements has drastically reduced the computational cost of FHE. At the same time, rising demand for data privacy in blockchain and AI applications makes this the ideal moment for real-world adoption.3- Why is FHE a must-have in the Web3 and decentralized AI ecosystem — not just a nice-to-have? In decentralized AI and Web3, users need to retain control over their data. FHE ensures that even during computation, sensitive data remains encrypted. This empowers true data ownership and secure collaboration without compromising user privacy.4- Can FHE replace ZKPs, or is it complementary? Where does it fit in the Web3 cryptographic stack?FHE and ZKPs are highly complementary. While ZKPs verify the integrity of a computation without exposing data, FHE enables the computation itself on encrypted inputs. Together, they create a powerful toolkit for privacy-preserving Web3 applications.Architecture & Technical Innovation5- How is FHE integrated into Mind Network’s system architecture?FHE is foundational to Mind Network's architecture. It powers secure encrypted data storage, processing, and communication modules, enabling end-to-end privacy and verifiable computation.6- How does FHE enable encrypted consensus in multi-agent workflows?Mind Network allows agents to reach consensus over encrypted data using FHE, maintaining confidentiality while verifying integrity — a key feature for secure, collaborative computation.7- What computations does your FHE environment support? Can you run smart contracts or AI inference in real-time without decryption?Yes. Mind Network supports encrypted smart contract execution and AI model inference directly on encrypted data, ensuring confidentiality without sacrificing functionality.8- FHE is known for performance bottlenecks. What breakthroughs have made it production-ready?We've implemented algorithmic enhancements, integrated hardware acceleration, and optimized data structures to reduce latency — bringing FHE closer to real-time performance.9- Which FHE libraries inspired Mind Network? Have you built your SDK from scratch or built on top of existing frameworks?While frameworks like Zama, Microsoft SEAL, and TFHE have influenced the space, Mind Network developed a proprietary FHE SDK, custom-built to serve decentralized AI and blockchain needs with enhanced efficiency.Security, Privacy & Trust Framework10- How does FHE enhance your four-pillar security model: computation, communication, consensus, and data security?FHE strengthens each layer:Computation: Data remains encrypted during processing.Communication: Encrypted data is transmitted securely.Consensus: Agents reach encrypted consensus without leaks.Data: Confidentiality is preserved end-to-end.11- How can users trust encrypted AI outputs or smart agent decisions without seeing raw data?We pair FHE with cryptographic proofs to validate computation accuracy, ensuring trust in outcomes without compromising data privacy.12- Are there attack vectors in FHE networks? How are you addressing risks like noise growth and side-channel attacks?Our approach includes advanced cryptography, real-time monitoring, and regular audits to mitigate threats like ciphertext malleability, noise growth, and hardware-based side-channel vulnerabilities.13- How do agents collaborate in private while protecting their logic and inputs from each other?With FHE, agents can process and exchange encrypted data — enabling secure collaboration without revealing private logic, inputs, or outputs.Use Cases & Real-World Impact14- What’s one real-world use case where FHE unlocked something impossible with traditional encryption?In partnership with DeepSeek, Mind Network enabled secure AI collaboration via FHE — allowing multiple agents to work on encrypted data without revealing anything, which legacy encryption couldn’t support.15- What did FHE enable in your collaboration with DeepSeek?DeepSeek’s agents could perform encrypted AI computations while maintaining full data privacy — critical for secure, cross-agent collaboration in sensitive tasks.16- What types of developers or industries are using your FHE SDK today?Developers from healthcare, finance, identity management, and AI sectors are leveraging our FHE tools to build privacy-first, encrypted applications.FHE Tokenomics & Ecosystem Incentives17- How does the $FHE token power your encrypted compute economy?$FHE is used for governance, staking, and paying for encrypted compute and storage — incentivizing network participation and maintaining decentralized trust.18- How are node operators rewarded for encrypted computation?Node operators earn $FHE based on computing resources contributed and tasks completed. Our staking and reward system discourages spam and encourages efficient processing.19- Will $FHE also power private DeFi applications? What’s the long-term vision for its role in Web3?Absolutely. $FHE will enable privacy-preserving DeFi, data marketplaces, and decentralized applications where privacy and secure computation are essential.Challenges, Regulation & Long-Term Vision20- What are FHE’s biggest technical limitations today — and how are you tackling them?The main challenge is latency. We’re investing in ongoing algorithmic refinement, parallelization, and hardware optimization to make FHE scalable and production-ready.21- Could FHE face regulatory scrutiny in sectors like finance and healthcare?Yes, due to its privacy-preserving nature. Mind Network proactively engages with regulators to ensure compliance, while advocating for secure, responsible innovation.22- In 5–10 years, how will FHE transform Web3 if widely adopted?FHE will be foundational to a new era of decentralized applications. It will empower users with full data control, enable trustless collaboration, and unlock AI systems that are private, verifiable, and censorship-resistant.23- What is Mind Network’s ultimate mission with FHE?Our goal is to become the privacy compute layer of Web3 — delivering encrypted computation infrastructure for AI, DeFi, identity, and beyond.
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Mind Network Fully Homomorphic Encryption FHE Reshaping the Future of AI
TL; DR
In simple terms: What is Mind Network?
Imagine if all your data was like a safe that never opens, yet you could still use the contents inside without opening it. This is what Mind Network aims to achieve.
Mind Network has developed a technology called 'Fully Homomorphic Encryption' (FHE) that keeps your data encrypted throughout the entire process while still allowing it to be computed and processed.
A table to understand the information flow processing of Mind Network:
Pain points in the AI era: privacy protection and data rights
The modern internet communication process is like sending a letter: the envelope is sealed during transit (which is what the HTTPS protocol does), but upon arrival, the recipient must open the envelope to read the contents.
In simple terms: What is Mind Network?
Imagine if all your data was like a safe that never opens, yet you could still use the contents inside without opening it. This is what Mind Network aims to achieve.
Mind Network has developed a technology called 'Fully Homomorphic Encryption' (FHE) that keeps your data encrypted throughout the entire process while still allowing it to be computed and processed.
A table to understand the information flow processing of Mind Network:
Pain points in the AI era: privacy protection and data rights
The modern internet communication process is like sending a letter: the envelope is sealed during transit (which is what the HTTPS protocol does), but upon arrival, the recipient must open the envelope to read the contents.
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Mobile phones become AI hosts, PIN AI competes with Siri and Xiao Ai
Imagine this:
An AI that’s truly yours, one that knows everything about you without sharing your secrets with tech giants.
This is the vision of PIN AI, a future where you control your own data and personalized AI.
Core Concept:
PIN AI believes that your data should work for you, not be used by big companies. They are building a platform that allows you to have your own private AI model, which is like a super intelligent assistant that can understand your needs and provide you with tailored services.
How does it work?
Dedicated AI / Personalized AI Model
An AI that’s truly yours, one that knows everything about you without sharing your secrets with tech giants.
This is the vision of PIN AI, a future where you control your own data and personalized AI.
Core Concept:
PIN AI believes that your data should work for you, not be used by big companies. They are building a platform that allows you to have your own private AI model, which is like a super intelligent assistant that can understand your needs and provide you with tailored services.
How does it work?
Dedicated AI / Personalized AI Model
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Some common English abbreviations of Web3
ngmi = not gonna make it,
"Not gonna make it", often used to tease or self-deprecate, to express pessimism about the prospects of someone or something.
anon = anonymous,
Anonymous community members, often used to refer to netizens who do not want to reveal their true identities.
fr fr = for real for real,
Emphasis that something is true, very sincere or not exaggerated.
bussin = great meaning
"Great" or "extremely good", used to describe something super awesome and attractive
IYKYK = if you know you know
It means "you know", often used to imply an internal joke or information, and only insiders can understand the meaning.
ngmi = not gonna make it,
"Not gonna make it", often used to tease or self-deprecate, to express pessimism about the prospects of someone or something.
anon = anonymous,
Anonymous community members, often used to refer to netizens who do not want to reveal their true identities.
fr fr = for real for real,
Emphasis that something is true, very sincere or not exaggerated.
bussin = great meaning
"Great" or "extremely good", used to describe something super awesome and attractive
IYKYK = if you know you know
It means "you know", often used to imply an internal joke or information, and only insiders can understand the meaning.
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Argentine President issues LIBRA, you must know about Javier Milei
On February 15, Argentine President Javier Milei announced the launch of a Meme coin called LIBRA through his official X and Instagram accounts to promote the growth of the Argentine economy, and published the relevant contract address.
The token is currently experiencing wild price fluctuations, with its market value having fallen from a high of nearly $5 billion to $1.1 billion.
Here is an introduction to Javier Milei
Milley is considered to hold right-wing libertarian economic views, and some even consider him to be far-right. He advocates reducing taxes, relaxing business regulations, and cutting government services to allow the private sector to play a greater role in the economy.
The token is currently experiencing wild price fluctuations, with its market value having fallen from a high of nearly $5 billion to $1.1 billion.
Here is an introduction to Javier Milei
Milley is considered to hold right-wing libertarian economic views, and some even consider him to be far-right. He advocates reducing taxes, relaxing business regulations, and cutting government services to allow the private sector to play a greater role in the economy.
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Mind Network's FHE Hub and voting features are about to launch, participate in FHE consensus and earn rewards.
Original link: https://mindnetwork.medium.com/get-set-mind-network-fhe-hub-launching-soon-eaf9aace1791
Mind Network is pleased to announce that following the successful launch of the MindV product in September, FHE Hubs (MindV Hubs) will launch next Monday at 16:00 Beijing time.
The previous version of MindV brought $vFHE to the market and completely transformed voting rights in blockchain. This is not just about voting itself; it is also about the practical application of FHE technology, achieving fair and cryptographically secure consensus through a decentralized model.
The launch of this voting and delegation feature of Hubs marks a key step towards the goal of HTTPZ (an era of fully encrypted internet) infrastructure.
Mind Network is pleased to announce that following the successful launch of the MindV product in September, FHE Hubs (MindV Hubs) will launch next Monday at 16:00 Beijing time.
The previous version of MindV brought $vFHE to the market and completely transformed voting rights in blockchain. This is not just about voting itself; it is also about the practical application of FHE technology, achieving fair and cryptographically secure consensus through a decentralized model.
The launch of this voting and delegation feature of Hubs marks a key step towards the goal of HTTPZ (an era of fully encrypted internet) infrastructure.
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First Release! Ethereum Releases Future Plans Part 5: Cleanup
Background
A major challenge facing Ethereum is the expansion and complexity of the blockchain protocol.
This issue is primarily reflected in two aspects:
1. Historical Data Bloat: All nodes must permanently store all historical data (such as transaction records, account information), which increases synchronization and storage burden.
2. Increasing Protocol Features: New features are continuously added, but old features are difficult to remove, leading to increased code complexity.
Cleanup Goals
1. Reduce Client Storage Requirements: Decrease or eliminate each node's permanent storage requirement for all historical data.
2. Reduce Protocol Complexity: Remove unnecessary features.
Cleanup Methods
1. Historical Data Cleanup
1) By establishing a distributed storage network, each node only needs to store a portion of historical data (similar to a seed network).
2) The proposed EIP-4444 introduces a one-year historical data storage limit and plans to gradually transition to a model that only retains the latest data.
2. State Cleanup
1) Store data through sharding, retaining only the most recently accessed data.
2) Address-Period State Cleanup: Introduce an expiration period for each address, storing only the recently accessed state within a specific period.
3. Feature Streamlining
Gradually remove seldom-used or unnecessary features (such as SELFDESTRUCT opcode, old transaction types, synchronization committee mechanisms, etc.)
Future Plans and Possible Radical Schemes
1. Radical Scheme: Move a large number of protocol features into contract code. For example, only retain the beacon chain as the base layer, with the execution environment as an independent rollup, similar to past proposals for an “execution environment,” but made possible through SNARKs technology.
2. Change Virtual Machine: For instance, use RISC-V or Cairo as the new Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and transpile EVM contracts into new virtual machine code, simplifying the protocol and improving efficiency.
Background
A major challenge facing Ethereum is the expansion and complexity of the blockchain protocol.
This issue is primarily reflected in two aspects:
1. Historical Data Bloat: All nodes must permanently store all historical data (such as transaction records, account information), which increases synchronization and storage burden.
2. Increasing Protocol Features: New features are continuously added, but old features are difficult to remove, leading to increased code complexity.
Cleanup Goals
1. Reduce Client Storage Requirements: Decrease or eliminate each node's permanent storage requirement for all historical data.
2. Reduce Protocol Complexity: Remove unnecessary features.
Cleanup Methods
1. Historical Data Cleanup
1) By establishing a distributed storage network, each node only needs to store a portion of historical data (similar to a seed network).
2) The proposed EIP-4444 introduces a one-year historical data storage limit and plans to gradually transition to a model that only retains the latest data.
2. State Cleanup
1) Store data through sharding, retaining only the most recently accessed data.
2) Address-Period State Cleanup: Introduce an expiration period for each address, storing only the recently accessed state within a specific period.
3. Feature Streamlining
Gradually remove seldom-used or unnecessary features (such as SELFDESTRUCT opcode, old transaction types, synchronization committee mechanisms, etc.)
Future Plans and Possible Radical Schemes
1. Radical Scheme: Move a large number of protocol features into contract code. For example, only retain the beacon chain as the base layer, with the execution environment as an independent rollup, similar to past proposals for an “execution environment,” but made possible through SNARKs technology.
2. Change Virtual Machine: For instance, use RISC-V or Cairo as the new Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and transpile EVM contracts into new virtual machine code, simplifying the protocol and improving efficiency.
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Ethereum Announces Future Development Plans: The Verge
Main Goals:
1. Enable light clients: verification nodes and staking nodes only need a few GB of storage space
2. Long-term goal: be able to fully verify the blockchain on smartwatches (including consensus and execution layers)
Core Technology Roadmap:
Verkle Tree: uses elliptic curve-based vector commitments to achieve shorter proofs, but lacks quantum resistance
STARK + Binary Hash Tree: uses STARK proofs to verify binary trees, has quantum resistance but requires more computational resources
Main Challenges:
1. Currently, nodes need to store hundreds of GB of state data to validate blocks, and it continues to grow
2. Initial synchronization of nodes requires a lot of time to download state, making it difficult for light clients and wallets to verify
Future Plans:
1. Further analyze and optimize gas costs
2. Improve and test state transition programs
3. Strengthen security analysis of new hash functions (such as Poseidon)
4. Develop more efficient STARK proof protocols
Main Goals:
1. Enable light clients: verification nodes and staking nodes only need a few GB of storage space
2. Long-term goal: be able to fully verify the blockchain on smartwatches (including consensus and execution layers)
Core Technology Roadmap:
Verkle Tree: uses elliptic curve-based vector commitments to achieve shorter proofs, but lacks quantum resistance
STARK + Binary Hash Tree: uses STARK proofs to verify binary trees, has quantum resistance but requires more computational resources
Main Challenges:
1. Currently, nodes need to store hundreds of GB of state data to validate blocks, and it continues to grow
2. Initial synchronization of nodes requires a lot of time to download state, making it difficult for light clients and wallets to verify
Future Plans:
1. Further analyze and optimize gas costs
2. Improve and test state transition programs
3. Strengthen security analysis of new hash functions (such as Poseidon)
4. Develop more efficient STARK proof protocols
See original
October 25 Financing Situation
1. Social media startup Bluesky completed a $15 million Series A financing, led by Blockchain Capital, with participation from SevenX, True Ventures, and Alumni Ventures.
2. Web3 fitness app Moonwalk completed a $3.4 million seed round financing, led by Hack VC, with participation from Binance Labs, Reciprocal Ventures, and Solana co-founder Raj Gokal.
3. AI-powered crypto payment network Skyfire, founded by two former Ripple executives, completed a new seed round of financing, with investments from Coinbase Ventures and a16z Crypto Startup Accelerator (CSX), increasing its total seed funding from $8.5 million to $9.5 million.
Related type projects:
1. Social media startup Bluesky completed a $15 million Series A financing, led by Blockchain Capital, with participation from SevenX, True Ventures, and Alumni Ventures.
2. Web3 fitness app Moonwalk completed a $3.4 million seed round financing, led by Hack VC, with participation from Binance Labs, Reciprocal Ventures, and Solana co-founder Raj Gokal.
3. AI-powered crypto payment network Skyfire, founded by two former Ripple executives, completed a new seed round of financing, with investments from Coinbase Ventures and a16z Crypto Startup Accelerator (CSX), increasing its total seed funding from $8.5 million to $9.5 million.
Related type projects:
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Single financing of $552 million, perhaps the largest single financing project in blockchain: Network State Praxis
1. Introduction
Praxis is defined as the world's first network state, a global online community with a national consciousness, and will crowdfund a physical city.
The core goal of Praxis is to establish a city involving major concepts including:
AI: Scalable power and data centers, loose model regulation
Cryptocurrency: Increasing consumer access and efficiency
Energy: Primarily focusing on nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, etc.
Vision: The Network State
2. Key points of the Network State
Background:
The Network State is a new political paradigm formed by on-chain communities, seeking diplomatic recognition for statehood through crowdfunding global territory.
Praxis is defined as the world's first network state, a global online community with a national consciousness, and will crowdfund a physical city.
The core goal of Praxis is to establish a city involving major concepts including:
AI: Scalable power and data centers, loose model regulation
Cryptocurrency: Increasing consumer access and efficiency
Energy: Primarily focusing on nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, etc.
Vision: The Network State
2. Key points of the Network State
Background:
The Network State is a new political paradigm formed by on-chain communities, seeking diplomatic recognition for statehood through crowdfunding global territory.
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$BTC Address classification and basic understanding
Legacy address
P2PKH (Pay-to-PubKey Hash): Pay public key hash address
Bitcoin native address, the earliest Bitcoin address type, starts with 1
For example: 17XZKS************************yshGt88t3
Advantages: simple, widely supported
Disadvantages: large transactions, prone to higher Gas
P2SH address
P2SH (Pay-to-Script Hash) Pay script hash address
Compared with the traditional address starting with 1, P2SH allows users to create scripts, generally used in multi-signature wallets.
Starts with 3
For example: 34UZyH***************Y2PYckQ68
Advantages: Supports more complex transaction types, such as multi-signature and scripts, and has cheaper fees
Disadvantages: More complex than P2PKH
P2WPKH and P2WSH addresses
An improvement on Segwit transactions, P2WPKH is optimized for P2PKH and can be used for simple payment public key hash transactions.
P2WSH is optimized for P2SH and can be used for more complex script transactions, similar to P2SH, but takes advantage of Segwit.
Also starts with bc1 and consists entirely of lowercase letters and numbers
For example: bc1qg7*******************m450y42mcn
Advantages: Further reduce data, reduce fees, and increase speed
Disadvantages: Requires support from wallets and infrastructure that support Segwit
Taproot main root address
Also based on Segwit, combined with Schnorr signatures and Mast technology, it improves privacy, efficiency and flexibility.
Starts with bc1p and consists entirely of lowercase letters and numbers
For example: bc1p********************erss0mvvnm
Advantages: more privacy and efficiency
Disadvantages: requires wallet and infrastructure support, may lack compatibility
Legacy address
P2PKH (Pay-to-PubKey Hash): Pay public key hash address
Bitcoin native address, the earliest Bitcoin address type, starts with 1
For example: 17XZKS************************yshGt88t3
Advantages: simple, widely supported
Disadvantages: large transactions, prone to higher Gas
P2SH address
P2SH (Pay-to-Script Hash) Pay script hash address
Compared with the traditional address starting with 1, P2SH allows users to create scripts, generally used in multi-signature wallets.
Starts with 3
For example: 34UZyH***************Y2PYckQ68
Advantages: Supports more complex transaction types, such as multi-signature and scripts, and has cheaper fees
Disadvantages: More complex than P2PKH
P2WPKH and P2WSH addresses
An improvement on Segwit transactions, P2WPKH is optimized for P2PKH and can be used for simple payment public key hash transactions.
P2WSH is optimized for P2SH and can be used for more complex script transactions, similar to P2SH, but takes advantage of Segwit.
Also starts with bc1 and consists entirely of lowercase letters and numbers
For example: bc1qg7*******************m450y42mcn
Advantages: Further reduce data, reduce fees, and increase speed
Disadvantages: Requires support from wallets and infrastructure that support Segwit
Taproot main root address
Also based on Segwit, combined with Schnorr signatures and Mast technology, it improves privacy, efficiency and flexibility.
Starts with bc1p and consists entirely of lowercase letters and numbers
For example: bc1p********************erss0mvvnm
Advantages: more privacy and efficiency
Disadvantages: requires wallet and infrastructure support, may lack compatibility
See original
Let's talk about voting today
Voting behavior exists in many scenarios in the blockchain. The narrow sense of protocol proposal governance and the broad sense of PoS consensus achievement all involve voting
But in reality, because the blockchain is open and transparent, voting is actually completely open. We can see which voting options have more attention, and we can also see which options the "big players" have chosen.
This leads to a problem. We are not actually voting for real, but are affected by the environment.
Whether it is bribed or coerced, once the vote cannot express the truth, it may cause damage.
For example, in decentralized AI projects, nodes can control voting and screen out the desired large model, thereby replacing the fair iteration of the large model itself.
In order to avoid this problem, encrypted voting appears.
Encrypted voting is more suitable for application on blockchain. Because the blockchain cannot be tampered with, we can accurately and in detail the results of each vote.
Add cryptography, encrypt voting behavior, we can do encrypted voting without permission, maintain relative fairness, but it is essentially a procedural justice.
Voting mainly includes: determining voting rights, voting, counting votes, publishing and other main results
1. The most direct manifestation of voting rights in blockchain is PoS, that is, obtaining voting rights by staking certain tokens.
2. Participating in voting is more about entrusting to nodes, etc.
3. Counting votes mainly uses FHE technology, because only FHE can calculate encrypted data
4. After the counting is completed, since the ciphertext results are published, it is also necessary to decide whether to use the key to decrypt and publish the plaintext results.
Of course, ZK technology can be considered here to prove the voting results without revealing the number of votes and specific details.
To sum up:
1. Voting is an interaction that is often seen but ignored in blockchain
2. Cryptography methods such as ZK and FHE can help encrypt voting behavior
3. Encrypted voting seems to only encrypt voting, but it actually provides support for the entire system security
Voting behavior exists in many scenarios in the blockchain. The narrow sense of protocol proposal governance and the broad sense of PoS consensus achievement all involve voting
But in reality, because the blockchain is open and transparent, voting is actually completely open. We can see which voting options have more attention, and we can also see which options the "big players" have chosen.
This leads to a problem. We are not actually voting for real, but are affected by the environment.
Whether it is bribed or coerced, once the vote cannot express the truth, it may cause damage.
For example, in decentralized AI projects, nodes can control voting and screen out the desired large model, thereby replacing the fair iteration of the large model itself.
In order to avoid this problem, encrypted voting appears.
Encrypted voting is more suitable for application on blockchain. Because the blockchain cannot be tampered with, we can accurately and in detail the results of each vote.
Add cryptography, encrypt voting behavior, we can do encrypted voting without permission, maintain relative fairness, but it is essentially a procedural justice.
Voting mainly includes: determining voting rights, voting, counting votes, publishing and other main results
1. The most direct manifestation of voting rights in blockchain is PoS, that is, obtaining voting rights by staking certain tokens.
2. Participating in voting is more about entrusting to nodes, etc.
3. Counting votes mainly uses FHE technology, because only FHE can calculate encrypted data
4. After the counting is completed, since the ciphertext results are published, it is also necessary to decide whether to use the key to decrypt and publish the plaintext results.
Of course, ZK technology can be considered here to prove the voting results without revealing the number of votes and specific details.
To sum up:
1. Voting is an interaction that is often seen but ignored in blockchain
2. Cryptography methods such as ZK and FHE can help encrypt voting behavior
3. Encrypted voting seems to only encrypt voting, but it actually provides support for the entire system security
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Learn Nervos $CKB
NC-MAX is a consensus protocol in the Nervos Network that aims to improve the throughput and network latency of the blockchain while maintaining decentralization and security.
The main design goals of NC-MAX are:
Increase throughput: increase the transaction processing capacity of the blockchain.
Reduce latency: reduce block confirmation time.
Maintain decentralization: ensure that the decentralization and security of the network are not affected.
NC-MAX is an improvement on Bitcoin's Nakamoto consensus (NC). Several key mechanisms are introduced:
a. Two-layer block structure
NC-MAX uses a two-layer block structure, including the main block (Main Block) and the secondary block (Secondary Block). The main block contains all transaction data, while the secondary block is a reference to the main block and records the hash value of the main block.
b. Secondary block reward
Miners can not only get rewards by mining the main block, but also get additional rewards through the secondary block. Encourage miners to continue mining secondary blocks based on the main block to increase network throughput.
Two-step transaction process
Propose: In this stage, miners propose a candidate block containing unconfirmed transactions.
Commit: In this stage, miners verify and confirm the proposed block to ensure its validity and consistency.
Dynamic block interval adjustment
Mechanism: Dynamically adjust the block generation interval based on network performance.
Purpose: Keep the number of orphan blocks low while increasing transaction throughput.
Difficulty adjustment
Include all blocks (including orphan blocks) in the difficulty adjustment calculation.
Purpose: Defend against selfish mining attacks, that is, a group of miners increase their own profits by privately mining and weaken the interests of other miners.
NC-MAX is a consensus protocol in the Nervos Network that aims to improve the throughput and network latency of the blockchain while maintaining decentralization and security.
The main design goals of NC-MAX are:
Increase throughput: increase the transaction processing capacity of the blockchain.
Reduce latency: reduce block confirmation time.
Maintain decentralization: ensure that the decentralization and security of the network are not affected.
NC-MAX is an improvement on Bitcoin's Nakamoto consensus (NC). Several key mechanisms are introduced:
a. Two-layer block structure
NC-MAX uses a two-layer block structure, including the main block (Main Block) and the secondary block (Secondary Block). The main block contains all transaction data, while the secondary block is a reference to the main block and records the hash value of the main block.
b. Secondary block reward
Miners can not only get rewards by mining the main block, but also get additional rewards through the secondary block. Encourage miners to continue mining secondary blocks based on the main block to increase network throughput.
Two-step transaction process
Propose: In this stage, miners propose a candidate block containing unconfirmed transactions.
Commit: In this stage, miners verify and confirm the proposed block to ensure its validity and consistency.
Dynamic block interval adjustment
Mechanism: Dynamically adjust the block generation interval based on network performance.
Purpose: Keep the number of orphan blocks low while increasing transaction throughput.
Difficulty adjustment
Include all blocks (including orphan blocks) in the difficulty adjustment calculation.
Purpose: Defend against selfish mining attacks, that is, a group of miners increase their own profits by privately mining and weaken the interests of other miners.
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FHE+Restaking+AI: Mind Network under the perfect narrative (Three Days in the Sky)
TL;DR
Mind's Restaking accommodates almost everything, including BTC, ETH, and even LST/LRT assets of all other network tokens
Mind business logic is similar to EigenLayer's AVS, but can also cooperate with Eigen and even all other networks
Mind is still in its early stages, so not many people can participate, but you can try it out, maybe there will be surprises in the future
Mind’s current main solutions focus on AI and Depin, +FHE, +Restaking narrative
Mind is like an abstract player. It is on the FHE track, but does not compete with other FHE projects. It is on the AVS track, but does not compete with AVS projects. It is on the Restaking track, but does not compete with Restaking projects. On the AI and Depin tracks, okay, serve them!
Mind's Restaking accommodates almost everything, including BTC, ETH, and even LST/LRT assets of all other network tokens
Mind business logic is similar to EigenLayer's AVS, but can also cooperate with Eigen and even all other networks
Mind is still in its early stages, so not many people can participate, but you can try it out, maybe there will be surprises in the future
Mind’s current main solutions focus on AI and Depin, +FHE, +Restaking narrative
Mind is like an abstract player. It is on the FHE track, but does not compete with other FHE projects. It is on the AVS track, but does not compete with AVS projects. It is on the Restaking track, but does not compete with Restaking projects. On the AI and Depin tracks, okay, serve them!
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Understanding FHE Fully Homomorphic Encryption
FHE Fully Homomorphic Encryption
What is FHE
In simple terms, while keeping the data encrypted, you can perform arbitrary calculations on the data.
F Fully: Compared with HE (homomorphic encryption, which is limited by the calculation method), FHE supports almost any calculation logic
H Homomorphic: When we say that an encryption scheme is homomorphic, it means that the ciphertext calculation and the plaintext calculation have the same result.
E stands for Encryption. Encryption is easy to understand and is one of the core concepts of cryptography.
Problem: FHE is usually computationally inefficient, since processing encrypted data is certainly not as fast as direct computation.
What is FHE
In simple terms, while keeping the data encrypted, you can perform arbitrary calculations on the data.
F Fully: Compared with HE (homomorphic encryption, which is limited by the calculation method), FHE supports almost any calculation logic
H Homomorphic: When we say that an encryption scheme is homomorphic, it means that the ciphertext calculation and the plaintext calculation have the same result.
E stands for Encryption. Encryption is easy to understand and is one of the core concepts of cryptography.
Problem: FHE is usually computationally inefficient, since processing encrypted data is certainly not as fast as direct computation.
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