A caldera is a large depression formed by volcanic activity, often resulting from the collapse of underground cavities after magma eruptions. Their sizes vary greatly, ranging from a few hundred meters to several tens of kilometers. The supervolcano caldera in Yellowstone National Park in the United States is a typical example, with a diameter of about 70 kilometers. This type of landform often accumulates water to form lakes, such as Santorini Lake on the island of Crete. Calderas not only record the Earth's intense activity but also provide key samples for geological research, serving as a vivid illustration of geodynamics.

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