#美国加征关税

The increase in tariffs by the United States has been a high-frequency topic in international trade frictions in recent years, especially targeting China. Below are key point analyses:

### 1. **Background and Current Situation**

- **Trump Administration (since 2018)**: The United States launched a trade war against China, citing "unfair trade" and intellectual property issues, imposing tariffs of 7.5%-25% on approximately $370 billion worth of Chinese goods, covering key areas such as technology and manufacturing.

- **Continuation under Biden Administration**: Although some adjustments have been made (such as exemptions for certain products), the main tariffs remain in place. In May 2024, the Biden administration further increased tariffs on China, involving electric vehicles (100%), semiconductors (50%), solar cells (50%), etc., to protect domestic industries.

### 2. **Tariff Areas**

- **High-tech and Green Industries**: Focused on targeting China's strategic industries such as new energy, semiconductors, and steel, attempting to curb China's industrial upgrade.

- **Traditional Manufacturing**: Tariffs on some consumer goods remain, increasing inflationary pressure in the United States.

### 3. **Motivation Analysis**

- **Dual Political and Economic Considerations**:

- **Domestic Pressure**: Catering to blue-collar voters, protecting domestic jobs (such as in the "Rust Belt").

- **Strategic Competition**: Curbing China's dominance in key technology areas to ensure the security of the American supply chain.

- **Coordination with Allies**: Collaborating with the EU and others to restrict the "overcapacity" exports from China.

### 4. **Impacts**

- **On the United States**:

- **Short-term**: May raise prices, exacerbating inflation (for example, U.S. inflation peaked in 2022).

- **Long-term**: If domestic capacity cannot fill the gap, it may harm economic efficiency.

- **On China**:

- Exports are under pressure, but accelerating "internal circulation" and industrial transformation (for example, electric vehicles shifting to Southeast Asia and Middle Eastern markets).

- Retaliatory measures (such as restricting rare earth exports and WTO lawsuits) may escalate frictions.

- **Global Supply Chain**: Forces companies to adjust their layouts (such as relocating to Vietnam or Mexico), increasing costs.