India-Pakistan Wars and Conflicts

The India-Pakistan conflict has a long and complex history, with multiple wars and skirmishes since their independence in 1947.

Here's a brief overview:

Major Wars

- First Indo-Pak War (1947-1948):

The war started when Pakistan-backed tribal forces invaded Kashmir, prompting the Maharaja to accede to India. A UN-brokered ceasefire divided Kashmir between India (about 2/3rd) and Pakistan (1/3rd).

- Second Indo-Pak War (1965):

Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar aimed to infiltrate Kashmir and incite rebellion, but the war ended in a stalemate. The Tashkent Agreement restored pre-war boundaries.

- Third Indo-Pak War (1971):

India supported East Pakistan's fight for independence, leading to a decisive victory and the creation of Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered.

- Kargil War (1999):

Pakistani soldiers and militants occupied Indian positions in Kargil, but India recaptured the territory after intense fighting. International pressure forced Pakistan to withdraw.

Ongoing Tensions

Despite no full-scale war since 1999, border skirmishes continue along the Line of Control (LoC). Notable incidents include ¹:

- 2001 Indian Parliament attack:

A attack on the Indian Parliament, blamed on Pakistan-based groups.

- 2008 Mumbai attacks:

Coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai, sparking tensions between India and Pakistan.

- 2019 Pulwama–Balakot escalation:

A suicide attack on Indian forces, claimed by a Pakistan-based group, led to Indian airstrikes on alleged militant camps in Pakistan.

- 2025 India-Pakistan conflict:

A brief armed conflict began on May 7, 2025, after India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, targeting militant groups. A ceasefire was agreed upon on May 10, 2025.