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A Zero-Knowledge Rollup (ZK-Rollup) is an advanced Layer 2 scaling solution that leverages zero-knowledge cryptography—such as ZK-SNARKs or ZK-STARKs—to efficiently and securely process transactions off-chain. These transactions are then bundled and verified on the main Layer 1 blockchain using succinct cryptographic proofs validated by smart contracts.
Unlike Optimistic Rollups, which assume transaction validity unless proven otherwise, ZK-Rollups offer faster finality and greater throughput by providing mathematical proof of correctness for each batch of transactions. This makes them particularly suitable for high-performance decentralized applications (dApps).
Leading projects like DeversiFi, a decentralized exchange, and Immutable X, a platform for NFT trading, are real-world examples of ZK-Rollups in production.
Traditionally, ZK-Rollups have supported custom-built applications tailored to their architecture. However, recent innovations are enabling general-purpose ZK-Rollups, allowing developers to deploy existing smart contracts on Layer 2 with minimal or no changes—paving the way for broader adoption across the Web3 ecosystem.