China

China cut off exports of heavy rare earth elements on April 4, and the auto industry didn’t even have a second to blink. Everything stopped. Assembly lines froze, factories shut down, and by the end of the week, the panic was global.

Companies in Europe went dark. Ford was forced to idle its Explorer SUV production line. Every automaker relying on these minerals got hit. And all of it was triggered by one government call in Beijing.

This wasn’t some rumor or slow buildup. It happened fast, and no one was ready. Dan Hearsch, managing director at AlixPartners, said, “It came out of nowhere. Nobody had any time to react to it. I mean, within a matter of weeks, all of the material in the pipeline was out.”

Automakers depend on rare earths to build everything from the smallest electric switch to the biggest battery, and now those minerals aren’t crossing China’s border.

China tightens control over global mineral lifeline

This entire crisis is tied to a specific group of 17 minerals called rare earth elements. They’re found in military aircraft, smartphones, satellites, and sports equipment. But in cars? They’re everywhere. You’ll find them in pollution filters in gas vehicles, and inside the electric motors and battery systems of EVs.

Gracelin Baskaran, who runs the Critical Minerals Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, put it like this:

“Rare earths are really critical, and not just for electric vehicles. They are in your seat belt, your steering wheels, various parts of your electrical components. You are not going to manufacture a car without rare earths.”

There are different types of rare earths—light, medium, and heavy. The light ones are easier to dig up. The heavy ones? That’s where China owns the whole game. They control 70% of the world’s rare earth mines. But what really matters is processing.

These minerals don’t come out of the ground ready to use. They’re trapped in rock and in each other, and pulling them apart takes complex refining infrastructure. China has about 90% of the global processing capacity, and when it comes to the heavy rare earths? They have a total monopoly.

This didn’t come out of thin air. Gracelin said China has been tightening mineral controls since at least 2023. But April’s move caught everyone off guard. And the industry’s fragile supply chain couldn’t handle it.

Trump reacts as factories shut down worldwide

The auto world isn’t used to being told who gets to build and who doesn’t, but that’s exactly what’s happening now. This month, China started giving selective permissions to a few companies that supply parts to carmakers. The rest? Cut off. Ford’s just the beginning. Other manufacturers in Europe halted production with no clear timeline to resume.

Back in Washington, President Donald Trump’s administration responded by saying they’ve reached a deal with China to fast-track the delivery of some rare earths and magnets to the U.S. But it’s shaky. The terms aren’t public. No one knows how long it will last. And no one’s betting on it being permanent.

“We’re not out of the woods yet,” Gracelin said. “There is a lot of volatility in the U.S.-China relationship between tariffs and mineral restrictions. We’ve seen China ramp up restrictions over the past two years. Rare earths are just the newest one.”

Companies are trying to react. Some are exploring recycling options. Others are pouring money into new mineral exploration. There’s a big push to innovate new tech that doesn’t need rare earths at all. But that’s years away. For now, China still decides who gets to keep their factories running.

And this isn’t just about cars or rare earths. Dan said it bluntly: “Today it’s rare earths. But tomorrow it can and will be something else that maybe we’re not thinking about, that maybe isn’t even all that valuable and suddenly will be.” The next disruption might already be in the works, and China could pull that trigger too.

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