🇪🇺 European Union (EU)
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): Starting January 2026, the EU will levy tariffs on carbon-intensive imports like steel, aluminium, and cement. Indian exporters may face up to 25% duty over quota and €173.80/tonne modal charge, amounting to ≈ 16% of value for steel, given India’s higher emissions profile .
Safeguard duties on steel: EU has extended TRQ-based safeguard duties on certain steel products until 2026, impacting Indian shipments. India has notified the WTO and may levy retaliatory duties on EU products under WTO safeguard rules .
Withdrawal of GSP benefits: From January 2023, India lost Generalized System of Preferences status in several export sectors (textiles, chemicals, gems, etc.), meaning exports now face standard EU Most‑Favored‑Nation tariffs (typically 5–12%) rather than zero or discounted rates .
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🇦🇺 Australia
Under the India–Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA), tariffs on many Australian exports to India were cut. Correspondingly, Indian goods may face reduced or zero duties when exported to Australia—but rates vary by sector. India granted duty-free access on many lines, though not universal .
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🇸🇬 Singapore
The India–Singapore CECA (Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement) provides for tariff-scheduled liberalization. Indian exports to Singapore generally enjoy low or zero tariffs, although provisions vary and are subject to ongoing review .
🇰🇷 South Korea
Under the India–South Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, South Korean exporters get significant tariff reductions into India (e.g. autos, electronics). Conversely, Indian exports to Korea enjoy preferential access in several sectors, though agriculture and key imports remain limited—tariffs persist in sensitive categories .$BTC