Pectra Upgrade: User Experience and Efficiency Innovation
Account Abstraction
Support for stablecoin payments for gas fees such as USDC and DAI, breaking ETH's monopoly.
The social recovery feature allows recovery of private keys through trusted contacts, and batch transactions reduce operational costs.
EIP-7702 allows external accounts to temporarily execute smart contract logic, enabling third-party sponsored transactions.
Validator and Network Optimization
Single-node staking limit raised from 32 ETH to 2048 ETH (EIP-7251), reducing operational burdens for large institutions.
EIP-7002 supports executing layer triggers for staking exit in seconds, reducing liquidity delays from weeks to minutes.
Blob capacity target doubled (3→6/block), L2 throughput increased by 100%, and fees reduced by another 30%+
PeerDAS pre-deployment reduces node storage requirements by 75%, laying the foundation for sharding technology.
SSF+ZK: Speed and Scaling Ultimate Solution (Q3 2025 Testing)
Single Slot Finality (SSF): Compresses transaction confirmation time from 15 minutes to 12 seconds, eliminates reorganization risks, supports cross-chain atomic settlements.
ZK-Rollup Full Stack Acceleration: Zero-knowledge proof verifies off-chain computation correctness, SSF ensures rapid on-chain finality, achieving second-level settlements across Rollups.
Technical Synergy: The SSF+ZK combination establishes Ethereum as an underlying infrastructure that balances security and speed, closing the competitive window for high-performance alternative chains.
Scaling and Decentralization: 100,000 TPS and Universal Nodes
Sharding+DAS Technology: Dynamic sharding target throughput reaches 100,000 TPS; Verkle trees (Fusaka upgrade) optimize state storage, improving node synchronization speed by 30%.
Historical Data Pruning (EIP-4444): Full node storage requirements reduced from 12TB to 7TB, lowering participation barriers.
Security and Philosophy: A Robust Decade Blueprint
Attack Resilience Reinforcement: Scourge phase introduces anti-MEV mechanisms (such as FOCIL random block construction) and quantum-safe protections.
The cost of a hundred billion ecosystem: Adherence to the principle of "better delayed than erroneous," phased advancement of the technology stack iteration from Merge→Surge→Verge→Scourge→Purge.
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