Abstract: This report comprehensively reviews the classification, technical routes, representative projects, pros and cons of various solutions for the latest Ethereum Layer 2 scalability technology, and presents future prospects based on development trends.
Through in-depth analysis of Rollup (including Optimistic Rollup, ZK Rollup, and Unstoppable Rollup),
L2 solutions such as Validium, Plasma, State Channel, etc.
And mainstream projects like Arbitrum, Optimism, zkSync, Starknet, Linea, Scroll, Polygon zkEVM, Facet, etc.
System evaluation includes its architecture, security, performance, degree of decentralization, and ecological development.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background and Necessity of Layer 2
Main classifications of Layer 2
3.1 Rollup
3.1.1 Optimistic Rollup
3.1.2 ZK Rollup
3.2 Validium
3.3 Plasma
3.4 State Channel
3.5 Unstoppable Rollup (newly added)
Layer 2 Technology Route Analysis
4.1 Technical Architecture Comparison
4.2 Core Module Analysis
4.3 Key Mechanism Innovations
4.4 Future Evolution Directions
In-depth analysis of mainstream L2 projects
5.1 Arbitrum
5.2 Optimism
5.3 zkSync Era
5.4 Starknet
5.5 Scroll
5.6 Linea
5.7 Polygon zkEVM
5.8 Base
5.9 Mantle
5.10 Taiko
5.11 Facet Protocol (Representative of Unstoppable Rollup)
Challenges and Development Trends of the L2 Ecosystem
6.1 Security and Trust
6.2 Uneven Degree of Decentralization
6.3 Cross-chain Bridging and Interoperability
6.4 User Experience Challenges
6.5 Data Availability (DA)
6.6 Governance and Incentive Mechanisms
Future development predictions and strategic recommendations
7.1 Technical Evolution Trends
7.2 Large-scale deployment of decentralized sequencers
7.3 Data Availability Layering and Modular Fusion
7.4 L2 Interoperability and the Rise of Layer 3
7.5 Reshaping the Competitive Landscape Among L2 Projects
7.6 Policy Environment and Compliance Trends
7.7 Strategic Recommendations
Conclusion and Outlook
Introduction
With the rapid development of the Ethereum ecosystem, congestion on the Ethereum mainnet and high gas fees have become key bottlenecks restricting its scalability and user experience. To address this issue, Layer 2 (L2) technology has emerged, aiming to move some computations or states off the Ethereum mainnet while ensuring decentralization, security, and composability.
Since 2020, L2 solutions represented by Rollup have rapidly risen, gradually becoming the core direction for Ethereum's scalability.
This report will comprehensively summarize the current technical architecture, development routes, and representative projects of the Ethereum Layer 2 ecosystem, providing a systematic reference for investors, developers, and researchers through classification analysis and project comparison, exploring the advantages, shortcomings, and evolution trends of different scalability solutions.
Background and Necessity of Layer 2
As the most active smart contract platform globally, Ethereum supports thousands of dApps and tens of billions of on-chain assets. However, the current main chain can only process 10-20 TPS (Transactions Per Second), far from meeting the demands of large-scale applications such as DeFi, NFT, and GameFi. At the same time, Ethereum gas fees are often high, and ordinary users may pay dozens or even hundreds of dollars to complete a transaction during a bull market.
To this end, scalability has become a strategic focus for Ethereum's development. Although the Ethereum main chain is optimizing performance through means like The Merge and Sharding, L1 scalability faces limitations such as high consensus costs and slow upgrade cycles. Therefore, the community is gradually shifting the focus of scalability to Layer 2.
Layer 2 is an off-chain or semi-off-chain protocol deployed on Ethereum, allowing users to transfer assets to L2 for operations and then submit the final results back to the main chain for verification. This architecture can significantly improve processing capacity and reduce costs while maintaining the security and decentralized foundation of Ethereum L1.
Currently, the Layer 2 ecosystem has formed multiple technical schools, including Rollup, Validium, Plasma, State Channel, etc., among which Rollup is the mainstream adopted direction, continually evolving into subcategories like ZK Rollup and Optimistic Rollup. In addition, Unstoppable Rollup, as a new decentralized evolution route, is gradually entering the community's view.
Main classifications of Layer 2
3.1 Rollup
Rollup is the most widely adopted technical path in current Layer 2, with the core idea of executing transactions and state transitions at L2 and packaging the minimum necessary data (such as state roots or transaction summaries) on-chain.
Based on the differences between fraud proofs and validity proofs, Rollup is further divided into Optimistic Rollup and ZK Rollup.
3.1.1 Optimistic Rollup
Optimistic Rollup assumes that the submitted data is valid unless someone presents evidence of fraud. Its security is based on economic incentives and challenge mechanisms. Representative projects include Arbitrum and Optimism.
Advantages:
Relatively simple implementation, EVM compatible, supports complex contract logic
Strong scalability, significant TPS increase
Low migration threshold for developers
Disadvantages:
Withdrawal has a challenge period (usually 7 days)
Weak against MEV
Security depends on economic penalty mechanisms
3.1.2 ZK Rollup
ZK Rollup uses zero-knowledge proofs (ZK-SNARK or ZK-STARK) to execute transactions off-chain, submitting cryptographic proofs of state transitions. The main chain only needs to verify the proof to confirm the transaction's correctness.
Advantages:
Stronger security, almost no trust required
Short withdrawal time, no challenge period required
Can significantly compress data, improving efficiency
Disadvantages:
High technical threshold, complex circuit development
Current EVM compatibility is weak
Development toolchain is still immature
3.2 Validium
Validium is a scaling solution similar to ZK Rollup, with the distinction that Validium stores transaction data off-chain (off-chain), rather than compressing data and still publishing it to the Ethereum main chain like ZK Rollup.
This data availability strategy sacrifices some composability and trust minimization for higher throughput and lower costs.
Advantages:
Higher TPS, strong scalability, suitable for high-frequency applications like NFT, gaming, and payments
Data costs are extremely low, hardly relying on the data space of the Ethereum main chain
Zero-knowledge proofs ensure state validity, security remains strong
Disadvantages:
Data availability relies on centralized services or committees, presenting trust assumptions
If data is lost, users cannot prove their account status or asset balance
Poor composability, unfavorable for interaction with other smart contracts
Representative projects: StarkEx (applied in dYdX v3, Immutable X, Sorare, etc.), zkPorter (Validium model of zkSync), etc.
3.3 Plasma
Plasma is an early L2 scaling solution proposed by Vitalik Buterin and Joseph Poon, based on a sidechain structure.
Users lock assets on the Ethereum main chain and trade on the Plasma side chain, only interacting with the main chain during disputes or withdrawals.
Its typical mechanism is UTXO model + withdrawal challenge.
Advantages:
Relatively efficient, strong off-chain processing capability
Low data storage pressure, suitable for high-frequency micropayment scenarios
Disadvantages:
Does not support general smart contracts, limited functionality
Withdrawal mechanism is complex, with a challenge period
The balance between security and user experience is difficult to achieve, gradually being replaced by Rollup
Representative projects: OMG Network, Polygon Plasma (has transitioned to Rollup), etc.
3.4 State Channel
State channels allow users to interact directly through off-chain channels, only going on-chain when opening and closing, suitable for bilateral high-frequency trading scenarios, such as payments or competitive games.
Advantages:
Zero fees, nearly instantaneous transaction confirmation
Strong privacy, transaction records visible only to participants
Disadvantages:
Channels must lock funds in advance, liquidity is limited
Participants must collaborate online, and the user experience threshold is high
Only supports peer-to-peer interactions, not suitable for general DApps
Representative projects: Raiden Network, Celer State Channel, etc.
3.5 #UnstoppableRollup
Unstoppable Rollup is a recently proposed scaling architecture centered on 'complete autonomy and permissionlessness'. Official website: unstoppablerollups.com
Its core idea is to eliminate dependence on centralized components (such as sequencers, multi-signatures, security committees) as much as possible while maintaining the security of the Ethereum mainnet, achieving a Layer 2 that is uncensorable, unfreezable, and unstoppable.
Key features of Unstoppable Rollup include:
#Fully decentralized sequencer: All transaction sorting is based on decentralized consensus, without relying on specific operators.
#No multi-signature and security committee: Governance mechanism does not rely on a few controllers, smart contract upgrades and control depend entirely on on-chain consensus execution.
#State Proof Mechanism Security and Transparency: Uses zero-knowledge proofs (ZK) or verifiable consensus layers to provide state submissions, anyone can verify the legality of Rollup states.
#Strong Autonomy (Sovereignty): Possesses independent governance and operational mechanisms, allowing Rollup to operate even if the Ethereum mainnet goes down or faces political interference.
Advantages:
Strong censorship resistance, synchronized with the mainnet, no single point of failure risk
No trust prerequisites, providing the highest protection for user assets
Has long-term autonomous development potential, suitable for financial infrastructure
Closer to the trust minimization model that reflects Ethereum's philosophy, with no trusted setup, no implicit arbitrators, embodying the ultimate expression of 'Ethereum-style freedom'
Disadvantages:
Performance is limited by sorting efficiency, relying on mainnet sorting or decentralized sorting
Lacks large-scale combat experience compared to centralized sorting Rollup
Early-stage ecological development with limited resources, high user education and migration costs
Representative Project: Facet Protocol (has achieved full on-chain sorting, governance, and state verification).
The introduction of Unstoppable Rollup represents a paradigm shift for Rollup from 'performance-oriented' to 'trust minimization and sovereignty-oriented', providing a new direction for future L2's decentralized governance and censorship resistance.
Layer 2 Technology Route Analysis
This chapter will conduct an in-depth analysis of mainstream Ethereum Layer 2 routes from four aspects: technical architecture, core modules, key mechanisms, and future evolution directions, aiming to reveal their technical essence, innovative highlights, and the challenges they face.
4.1 Technical Architecture Comparison
From an architectural perspective, Rollup, Validium, Plasma, State Channel, and Unstoppable Rollup represent different technical paths, with significant differences in data availability, security, execution methods, and proof mechanisms.
Unstoppable Rollup integrates the security of ZK Rollup with the flexibility of Validium, while also introducing sequencer decentralization and governance immutability mechanisms, making significant strides in sovereignty and trustlessness.
4.2 Core Module Analysis
Each L2 route includes multiple core modules, typically including: Sequencer, State Execution, Proof Generation, Data Availability, Bridging Mechanism, etc.
Taking Optimistic Rollup as an example:
Sequencer: Currently mostly centralized services, such as Arbitrum Sequencer
State execution: EVM equivalent operation
Proof generation: Fraud proof mechanism, challenge period generally lasts for 7 days
Data availability: Transaction data is compressed and published to the main chain
Bridging Mechanism: Standard bridge contract + Security committee
While Unstoppable Rollup (like Facet) is:
Sequencer: On-chain modular sequencer, relying on consensus mechanisms such as Tendermint and EigenLayer for verification
State execution: EVM compatible, state transitions are openly transparent
Proof generation: ZK-SNARK or STARK state proof submission
Data availability: Optional modules support off-chain expansion + on-chain redundancy guarantee
Bridging Mechanism: No multi-signature, no security committee, using on-chain signals and zkBridge contracts to achieve trustless interaction
4.3 Key Mechanism Innovations
Key innovations in mechanisms are mainly reflected in three aspects:
Sequencer mechanism evolution: from centralized sequencers → decentralized sequencer sets → on-chain sorting modules (e.g., Facet uses EigenDA + on-chain price-sorted sequencer)
Governance module transformation: from preset governance parameters → upgradable governance → on-chain governance protocol (e.g., Facet uses Veto + Proposal system)
State Proof Optimization: ZK-SNARK to ZK-STARK, parallelization of multi-task proofs, Prover network crowdsourcing (e.g., Succinct, RiscZero)
4.4 Future Evolution Directions
L2 technology is still in a rapid evolution period, and future trends may include:
ZK-EVM maturity increased, achieving full compatibility + high performance
Modular L2 design (Modular Rollup): Decoupling sequencing, execution, and DA, any combination (e.g., Celestia + Rollkit)
Standardization of trustless bridging mechanisms (zkBridge / IBC)
Decentralized governance gradually replaces foundation-led governance, achieving true on-chain autonomy.
AI combined with Rollup achieves intelligent sorting, predictive execution, and traffic scheduling
The Unstoppable Rollup direction may become a key trend for long-term evolution in the future, as it provides unconditional sovereignty protection and high censorship resistance, particularly suitable for on-chain financial infrastructure, national-level projects, and applications with high resilience.
In-depth analysis of mainstream L2 projects
This chapter will provide a detailed analysis of several influential projects in the current Ethereum Layer 2 ecosystem, covering their technical architecture, core mechanisms, ecological development status, challenges faced, and future trends.
Analysis subjects include: Arbitrum, Optimism, zkSync, Starknet, Scroll, Linea, Polygon zkEVM, Base, Mantle, Taiko, and emerging projects like Facet Protocol.
5.1 Arbitrum
Arbitrum is currently the largest L2 project by TVL, using Optimistic Rollup technology, developed by Offchain Labs.
Technical Mechanism: Fraud proof + EVM equivalent
Module Features: Optimized execution performance using Nitro framework
Degree of decentralization: Sequencer is still operated by the official, high degree of centralization
Advantages: The most mature ecosystem, widely used
Disadvantages: Long challenge period (7 days), exit delay issues still exist
5.2 Optimism
Optimism is another leading Optimistic Rollup project, actively promoting the 'super chain' ecosystem (OP Stack).
Technical Mechanism: Fraud proof + gradual evolution towards modularization
Module Features: OP Stack allows quick construction of one's L2
Degree of decentralization: Centralized sequencer, governance managed by Optimism Collective
Advantages: Fast construction speed, active developer community
Disadvantages: Centralized sequencer, experimental governance
5.3 zkSync Era
zkSync Era is a ZK Rollup solution launched by Matter Labs, focusing on 'zkEVM' compatibility.
Technical Mechanism: zkSNARK + zkEVM (LLVM Intermediate Layer)
Module Features: Native support for account abstraction, built-in payment abstraction
Degree of decentralization: Currently still a centralized Sequencer
Advantages: Smooth user experience, fast switching between L1 and L2
Disadvantages: zkEVM is not bytecode equivalent, with limited support for existing contracts
5.4 Starknet
Starknet is a ZK Rollup launched by StarkWare, based on STARK technology, built using the Cairo language for smart contracts.
Technical Mechanism: zkSTARK + Cairo VM
Module Features: Supports complex computations, high proof efficiency
Degree of decentralization: Sequencer and Prover are gradually being decentralized
Advantages: STARK high scalability, quantum attack resistance
Disadvantages: High development threshold, Cairo is not compatible with EVM
5.5 Scroll
Scroll is a bytecode equivalent zkEVM project that maintains high compatibility with Ethereum.
Technical Mechanism: zkSNARK + EVM Bytecode Compatibility
Module Features: Seamless migration for Ethereum developers
Degree of decentralization: Sequencer is centralized, with plans for future openness
Advantages: Strong compatibility, low migration costs
Disadvantages: zkEVM performance is still limited, ecosystem is in its early stages
5.6 Linea (Consensys)
A zkEVM project launched by Consensys, aiming to achieve complete zkEVM equivalence.
Technical Mechanism: zkSNARK + zkEVM
Module Features: High integration with Infura and MetaMask
Degree of decentralization: Centralized Sequencer, future path unclear
Advantages: Strong developer support, good wallet integration
Disadvantages: Decentralization path is not clear, scalability needs verification
5.7 Polygon zkEVM
Polygon zkEVM is a zk Rollup launched by Polygon Labs, fully compatible with Ethereum bytecode.
Technical Mechanism: zkSNARK + Bytecode Equivalent zkEVM
Module Features: Seamless compatibility with existing DApps
Degree of decentralization: Still in the early stages, Sequencer and Prover not open
Advantages: Strong compatibility, rich brand resources
Disadvantages: Obvious performance bottleneck, high Prover cost, centralized sequencer
5.8 Base (supported by Coinbase)
Base is an L2 supported and built on OP Stack by Coinbase, aiming to provide on-chain experiences for billions of users.
Technical Mechanism: OP Stack + Shared Sequencer Architecture
Module Features: Closely integrated with the Coinbase ecosystem
Degree of decentralization: Fully centralized
Advantages: Strong user entry, easy fiat integration
Disadvantages: Low censorship resistance, high dependency
5.9 Mantle
Mantle is an L2 project led by the BitDAO ecosystem, focusing on modular architecture.
Technical Mechanism: Optimistic Rollup + Modular DA
Module Features: Combined with EigenDA to reduce DA costs
Degree of decentralization: Sequencer and DA are gradually being decentralized
Advantages: Excellent performance, flexible deployment
Disadvantages: The ecosystem is still in its startup phase
5.10 Taiko
Taiko is a fully open-source decentralized zkEVM Rollup, aiming to become an 'Ethereum-like L2'.
Technical Mechanism: zkRollup + Bytecode Equivalent zkEVM
Module Features: Permissionless deployment, verifiable sequencer
Degree of decentralization: Transitioning towards permissionless sequencers
Advantages: High compatibility + Decentralization
Disadvantages: Verification efficiency is limited, Prover network is still being built
5.11 #FacetProtocol (Unstoppable Rollup)
Facet is a pioneer of the Unstoppable Rollup route, focusing on complete decentralization and no governance compromise L2.
Technical Mechanism: ZK Rollup + Decentralized Sequencer + On-chain Governance
Module Features: On-chain sorting, on-chain governance, ZK verification, no permission marking for bridging
Degree of decentralization: No multi-signature, no security committee, all sequencers generated by on-chain bidding
Advantages: Extremely high sovereignty, censorship resistance, trust minimization, especially suitable for infrastructure projects
Disadvantages: The ecosystem is still in its early stages
Challenges and Development Trends of the L2 Ecosystem
Although Ethereum Layer 2 technology has made significant progress, with multiple routes and projects already launched, the entire ecosystem still faces several deep-rooted challenges that need to be addressed.
These challenges can be summarized in six aspects: security and trust, degree of decentralization, cross-chain bridging and interoperability, user experience, data availability (DA), and governance and incentive mechanisms.
6.1 Security and Trust
The security of current L2 projects mainly relies on their design mechanisms and the degree of dependence on the Ethereum mainnet.
The fraud proof mechanism of Optimistic Rollup, while theoretically secure, has not been fully deployed in practice; ZK Rollup, despite having strong security supported by mathematical proofs, has a complex proof generation mechanism with a higher threshold.
In addition, many L2 projects still rely on multi-signature wallets or security committees for system control, which deviates from the essential goal of decentralization.
For example, some mainstream L2 projects, although advertised as 'permissionless', actually concentrate all upgrade and contract control permissions in the hands of a few developers.
6.2 Uneven Degree of Decentralization
Although L2 solutions pursue decentralization, most still adopt centralized sequencer architectures, with Sequencer's operating rights controlled by officials or partner organizations.
This model can improve performance and development efficiency in the early stages, but in the long run, it is prone to monopolization, leading to on-chain data that cannot withstand censorship and free sorting.
The Unstoppable Rollup route represented by Facet Protocol provides a feasible alternative in this aspect, entrusting the sequencer role entirely to on-chain open bidding and verification mechanisms, achieving true sequencer decentralization, thereby enhancing the sovereignty and censorship resistance of Rollup.
(Facet is the only Ethereum rollup that can't be shut off.)
6.3 Cross-chain Bridging and Interoperability
Currently, most Rollup ecosystems are still in an 'island' state, with asset bridging between L2 and L1 facing exit delays, and a lack of native interoperability between L2s.
Cross-chain protocols like LayerZero and Axelar provide some solutions, but they introduce additional trust assumptions and complexity. Future efforts should strengthen Ethereum mainnet's native reading capabilities of L2 states and promote the establishment of L2 interconnection standards.
6.4 User Experience Challenges
Currently, the user experience of L2 networks still has gaps, including but not limited to: long asset bridging cycles, wallet incompatibility, unstable gas fee estimates, and high failure rates.
ZK Rollup has a better exit experience than Optimistic Rollup, but the high Prover cost still limits its large-scale commercial application. Future development should include on-chain account abstraction (AA), native wallet support, and deep integration with off-chain oracle services.
6.5 Data Availability (DA)
One of the core bottlenecks of Rollup is the data availability issue. Currently, most projects still publish state data to the Ethereum mainnet, resulting in high gas costs.
Modular DA layers such as Celestia, EigenDA, and Avail are emerging as feasible alternatives. Especially, the architecture combining EigenDA with Optimistic Rollup has been tested in projects like Mantle and OP Stack.
6.6 Governance and Incentive Mechanisms
Many L2 projects still adopt centralized foundation governance, lacking a sound on-chain governance structure and community incentive model. This not only affects fairness but also limits the ecosystem's autonomous evolution.
Facet provides a practical template for On-chain Governance, with its on-chain sequencer bidding mechanism, validator reward system, and native token distribution logic, expected to form a new generation of sovereign L2 governance paradigm.
In summary, the core issue of the current L2 ecosystem is not just about scalability performance, but about how to achieve true decentralization, censorship resistance, security assurance, and long-term sustainable governance.
Future development predictions and strategic recommendations
7.1 Technical Evolution Trends
In the next five years, the Rollup ecosystem will move towards higher levels of modularization and sovereignty. Unstoppable Rollup will become the mainstream development direction, with the core idea being to build a system architecture without trust intermediaries, true on-chain governance, and sorting.
Facet Protocol is a pioneer in this route, and its on-chain bidding sequencer system is expected to become an industry template.
At the same time, ZK Rollup will achieve greater breakthroughs in scalability and performance. With the development of circuit compression technology and hardware accelerators, its threshold will be significantly lowered, supporting more complex smart contract logic.
7.2 Large-scale deployment of decentralized sequencers
Sequencer (Sequencer) is still the centralization bottleneck for most L2 projects, and will transform towards on-chain verification and trustless operation in the future.
It is expected that after 2025, a large number of sovereign Rollups will adopt on-chain sequencer bidding mechanisms like Facet, thereby reducing single point failure and censorship risks.
7.3 Data Availability Layering and Modular Fusion
Modular DA layers like Celestia and EigenDA will continue to develop, and Rollup projects will adopt more external DA layers to reduce costs and improve performance.
In the future, a shared DA model across Rollups will emerge, allowing multiple chains to share DA layers and improve state reading and interoperability efficiency, laying the foundation for the construction of Layer 3.
7.4 L2 Interoperability and the Rise of Layer 3
Currently, the interoperability of Rollup is still limited by asset bridging and messaging systems. In the future, a 'connected Rollup network' based on shared sequencers and shared state layers will emerge.
The definition of Layer 3 will gradually evolve from 'super application chain' to 'composable modules on Rollup', integrating different functional layers such as DeFi, social, and identity to form a complete building system on L2.
7.5 Reshaping the Competitive Landscape Among L2 Projects
Optimism and Arbitrum will continue to lead in TVL and user base, but zkSync and Scroll, represented by ZK Rollup, will gradually catch up in the next three years, especially having natural advantages in high-frequency trading, gaming, and AI scenarios.
Projects of the Unstoppable Rollup type will gradually emerge as key forces against centralization trends, potentially attracting long-term support from the Ethereum core community and developers.
7.6 Policy Environment and Compliance Trends
As Ethereum Layer 2 is adopted by more enterprises and institutions, compliance and auditing demands will become important considerations in project design. We predict that L2 projects that meet global compliance standards will emerge in the future, including on-chain KYC, audit logs, regulatory bridge modules, and other mechanisms.
7.7 Strategic Recommendations
For developers: It is recommended to pay attention to the development of zkEVM and on-chain sequencer systems, prioritizing Rollups that support modular and pluggable sequencer mechanisms for construction.
For investors: Pay attention to early projects focused on the Unstoppable Rollup direction, especially protocols with independent on-chain governance that do not rely on multi-signature, which have long-term growth potential.
For the Ethereum ecosystem itself: It should promote the establishment of shared sequencer standards, interoperable bridging protocols, and native verification specifications for L2 states, facilitating healthy and coordinated development of the entire Layer 2 ecosystem.
Conclusion and Outlook
This article comprehensively sorts out the development context, technical routes, representative projects, and current key challenges and future trends of Ethereum Layer 2.
We can see that Rollup, as the core direction for Ethereum's scalability, has not only shown significant improvements in performance but also demonstrated strong vitality in composability, flexibility, and innovation.
Among all technical evolution paths, Unstoppable Rollup is undoubtedly the most revolutionary branch. The direction represented by the Facet Protocol is no longer just a performance optimization patch, but a redefinition of trust minimization and sovereignty autonomy.
The current L2 ecosystem is at a critical juncture of transitioning from the 'experimental phase' to 'scalable commercial phase'.
All parties involved—including developers, investors, protocol designers, and end users—need to make strategic adjustments to their positioning: builders should consider long-term governance capabilities, capital should focus on sustainability and resistance to regulatory risks, and the community should strengthen education and open-source collaboration.
We believe that the development of Ethereum Layer 2 is not only a reflection of technical evolution but also the continuation and expansion of the blockchain spirit.
In the coming years, a diverse, modular, decentralized, and interoperable Layer 2 universe will gradually take shape, giving rise to new business models and social organizational methods.
Rollup is not just a scalability hack—it's Ethereum's political philosophy made executable.
The future is here!
@Yi He @CZ @Binance Labs @币安广场 @Binance News
#Ethereum #ETH #Facet #UnstoppableRollup
