Trading operations encompass the full lifecycle of executing and settling financial transactions. These operations are typically divided into pre-trade, trade execution, and post-trade phases.

Pre-Trade: This phase involves strategy development, risk assessment, and compliance checks. Traders analyze market conditions and utilize tools like Execution Management Systems (EMS) to plan trades efficiently .

Trade Execution: Orders are placed through various platforms, including stock exchanges and electronic communication networks. Market makers and specialists facilitate liquidity and order matching .

Post-Trade: After execution, trades undergo clearing and settlement processes to ensure proper transfer of securities and funds. This phase also includes trade reconciliation, reporting, and compliance monitoring .

Advanced strategies like algorithmic trading and high-frequency trading are employed to optimize execution and capitalize on market inefficiencies . Overall, trading operations aim to execute trades efficiently, manage risks, and ensure compliance with regulations.