Vitalik Buterin warns that one-per-person digital ID systems may eliminate online pseudonymity.
World ID uses iris scans and ZK proofs to verify users without exposing personal data.
Buterin proposes a decentralized, pluralistic identity model to maintain user freedom and privacy online.
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has expressed concerns over digital identity systems that tie individuals to single verifiable identities. In a detailed post published Saturday, Buterin discussed the growing adoption of digital identity solutions that use zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), including the controversial World ID project backed by OpenAI CEO Sam Altman. Buterin warned that implementing strict one-person-one-ID systems, even when privacy is protected through ZKPs, could undermine online pseudonymity.
Digital ID Projects Gain Momentum Globally
The World project, previously known as Worldcoin, claims over 13 million verified users. Created by Tools for Humanity and co-founded by Altman and CEO Alex Blania, World uses biometric data collected through iris scans to confirm a person’s identity.
Upon verification, users receive a World ID and are rewarded with WLD tokens. World uses ZKPs to protect user data, proving that someone is human without revealing their personal information. Buterin acknowledged the increasing relevance of digital identity solutions across the globe.
He referenced similar efforts being explored in the European Union and Taiwan, where governments are adopting digital verification mechanisms for citizen identification. These systems promise enhanced protection against bots and fake profiles online.
Buterin Highlights the Risks of a Single Global ID System
While Buterin recognized benefits in verifying human identity online, he raised concerns about how single-ID systems could limit user freedom. He explained that if every digital action must link to one permanent ID, it could eliminate the flexibility offered by pseudonymity. This could prevent users from managing multiple online accounts or separating activities across platforms.
In his analysis, Buterin warned that even with ZK protection, widespread adoption of one-per-person IDs might result in stricter user tracking. Social platforms could adopt rigid ID models, limiting users to one account and reducing anonymity. According to Buterin, current platforms like Google still allow users to hold several accounts, offering more online flexibility.
Proposed Alternative: A Decentralized, Plural Identity Model
Buterin stated that he favors a pluralistic approach to digital ID systems. In this structure, no single institution or company would control identity issuance. He indicated that such a model could preserve pseudonymity while still benefiting from ZK-based verification.The world, which initially faced criticism from privacy advocates, has expanded its footprint recently. It launched operations in the United States and introduced a Visa card linked to its platform. The project also began a pilot program with Tinder in Japan to help verify user identities during online interactions.
