Cryptocurrency's environmental impact is significant, particularly with Bitcoin's proof-of-work (PoW) mining, which consumed 138 TWh annually in 2025, emitting 88.23 million tons of CO2, comparable to small nations. It also generates substantial e-waste and uses vast water resources. However, greener alternatives exist: Ethereum’s shift to proof-of-stake (PoS) cut energy use by 99%, and cryptocurrencies like SolarCoin reward renewable energy investments. Blockchain supports conservation through transparent carbon tracking and funding for reforestation via tokenized initiatives like Chia. Some miners use renewables, reducing fossil fuel reliance, though scalability remains a challenge. Regulatory measures, like New York’s 2022 mining moratorium, aim to curb environmental harm, promoting sustainable crypto practices.
