Trading operations refer to the activities involved in buying and selling financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, currencies, and commodities. These operations ensure that trades are executed efficiently, accurately, and in compliance with regulatory standards. Key functions include order management, trade execution, clearing, settlement, and record-keeping. Trading operations support both front-office traders and back-office processes, bridging the gap between client transactions and final settlements. They also handle trade confirmations, monitor risks, and resolve discrepancies. With the rise of electronic trading, operations have become more automated, reducing errors and increasing speed. Overall, trading operations play a vital role in maintaining the integrity and efficiency of financial markets.