Learn more About Solana
How Does Solana Work?
Solana is a third-generation Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchain that has implemented a number of innovations to facilitate high throughput, fast transactions, and low fees:
Solana Virtual Machine (SVM): the execution environment that processes transactions and smart contracts.
Parallelization: Allows multiple smart contracts to run concurrently, enabling a large number of transactions to be processed at any given time.
Proof of History (PoH): A method of timestamping transactions before they are added to the blockchain, leading to much faster processing times (more on this soon).
Tower BFT: A PoH-optimized version of the traditional Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) systems.
Turbine: A block propagation protocol that keeps the network in sync.
Gulf Stream: A transaction forwarding protocol that minimizes the amount of memory required by validators (the computer nodes that confirm transactions).
Token Extensions: a set of rich functionality natively built into the token program that allows for complex behaviors and use cases.
Together, these features create a high-performance network that has 0.4s block times and can process thousands of TPS. To put this into perspective, Bitcoin’s block time is around 10 minutes, and Ethereum’s roughly 15 seconds.
Thanks to Proof of History (PoH) and parallelization, the Solana network can match the performance of centralized systems, all on a decentralized, permissionless global blockchain.
Proof of History (PoH)
In most blockchains, figuring out the exact order of transactions can be tricky. This is because there’s no shared clock to tell all the computers (nodes) in the network when something happens. Solana solves this with a unique system called Proof of History (PoH), which acts like a built-in clock for the blockchain.
Proof of History creates a timeline of events using a process called hashing. Hashing takes data and runs it through a special formula, producing a unique string of letters and numbers. In PoH, this process happens repeatedly:
A piece of data (like a transaction) is put through a hash formula.
The result is used as the input for the next hash.
This continues in a chain, creating a sequence that “represents” the exact order of events.
Each step in this chain is like a timestamp, proving when an event happened in relation to others (e.g., which transaction came first). Once the chain is created, it’s almost impossible to change, making it secure and trustworthy.
In other words, PoH functions by generating a cryptographic sequence that proves the passage of time between events. This is achieved through a continuous process of hashing data using the SHA-256 algorithm, where each hash output serves as the input for the next hash. The unique sequence created reflects the order and time intervals of blockchain transactions.
Benefits of Proof of History
By embedding a verifiable timeline into the blockchain, PoH offers several advantages:
Improved efficiency: Validators can process transactions more quickly without waiting for consensus on time and ordering of transactions.
Enhanced security: The immutable sequence of hashes makes it difficult for malicious actors to alter the order of transactions.
Scalability: PoH enables the network to handle a much higher volume of transactions by streamlining the validation process.
In summary, Proof of History is like a built-in watch for Solana’s blockchain. It’s not a consensus mechanism but a way of shortening the time spent confirming the order of transactions. When combined with PoS, selecting the next validator for a block becomes safer and easier.
Transaction fees
Solana has very low fees, with the average transaction costing as low as $0.02. Low fees can remove some of Web3’s greatest barriers to entry since gas fees on other chains can add significant costs to a single purchase.
However, in periods of high traffic, the fees can rise to $0.30 or more (e.g., when the Trump meme coin was launched in early 2025).
Energy efficiency
Solana’s nodes need much less time and fewer resources to validate transactions. There is no mining like Proof of Work (PoW) blockchains. This makes the Solana network one of the most energy-efficient blockchains.
The Solana Foundation, the non-profit dedicated to securing and supporting the Solana ecosystem, releases regular third-party audits on Solana’s energy impact, as well as how it compares to other blockchain projects and their average household usage. A report published in September 2024 stated that, since the December 2023 report, Solana “has reduced its carbon footprint by 69%.”
What Is SOL?
SOL is Solana’s native cryptocurrency. It uses the SPL protocol, which is Solana’s token standard (analogous to the ERC-20 standard on Ethereum).
The Solana network burns SOL as part of its deflationary model. The SOL coin has two main use cases:
Paying for transaction fees incurred when using the network or smart contracts.
Staking coins as part of the PoS consensus mechanism.
SOL staking
SOL holders can stake their coins as part of the blockchain’s PoS consensus mechanism. With a compatible crypto wallet like Phantom, you can stake your SOL with validators who process the network’s transactions. Successful validators can then share rewards with those who have staked with them. This reward mechanism incentivizes validators and delegators to act in the network’s best interest.
Alternatively, you can stake your SOL with Binance while enjoying the benefits of using BNSOL, which allows users to retain liquidity while still earning staking rewards.
Solana Validator Costs
SOL holders can also become network validators if they wish, but that is often done by large holders due to the high maintenance costs. Although there are no minimum requirements to be a Solana validator, you will have to spend a significant amount of SOL every year due to voting transaction fees.
As of January 2025, the estimates are around 354 SOL/year or 0.97 SOL/day. This means you will likely need tens of thousands of users delegating their stakes to your node in order to be profitable.
The Solana Ecosystem
The Solana ecosystem has grown massively since the launch of its mainnet in 2020. As of January 2025, there are over 4 million active wallets and thousands of developers on the Solana network.
Solana’s fast transactions and high throughput have made it the network of choice for several Web3 use cases, such as:
Decentralized finance (DeFi): Solana powers numerous DeFi applications, offering users access to services like lending, borrowing, and trading without intermediaries.
Payments: The Solana Pay protocol has powered an ecosystem of frictionless payment structures that can settle payments in seconds.
Games and entertainment: Processing large transactions with minimal lag time opens up Web3 use cases for games, entertainment, and metaverse capabilities.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs): The platform is home to a growing number of NFT projects, enabling creators to mint, trade, and showcase digital art and collectibles.
Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN): Real-world networks that leverage blockchain technology. DePIN extends blockchain's decentralization principles to tangible infrastructure like energy grids and supply chains.