Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has reaffirmed the critical role of fast withdrawal mechanisms in advancing Layer 2 (L2) scalability and efficiency. Speaking on the recent progress of mainstream L2 solutions, Buterin praised their advancement to Stage 1 maturity—the “limited training wheels” phase—while underscoring that rapid withdrawals via zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs are a more urgent priority than simply advancing to Stage 2 (“no training wheels”).
Buterin explained that fast withdrawal times are essential for lowering liquidity providers’ capital costs and improving user experience. He emphasized a short-term target of sub-1-hour withdrawals and a medium-term goal of 12-second withdrawals, which would position Ethereum Layer 1 as the default hub for asset issuance and the economic backbone of the Ethereum ecosystem.
From Optimistic to ZK Proofs
Currently, many L2s rely on Optimistic rollups, which involve withdrawal periods lasting several days. While historically this approach was considered safer due to the immaturity of ZK technology, rapid advancements in ZK proofs are transforming the landscape.
Buterin highlighted the emerging 2-of-3 hybrid model—ZK + OP + TEE proofs—as a strategy that balances:
Security (ZK verification)
Speed (fast exits)
Maturity (battle-tested OP frameworks)
This combination paves the way for near-instant native asset transfers between L2 networks via L1.
Stage 1 vs. Stage 2
Stage 1 Rollups: Limited decentralization allowed; must meet baseline security and operational requirements.
Stage 2 Rollups: Stronger decentralization and security; closer to full trust minimization.
Bottom Line
Fast, secure withdrawals will be the defining factor for L2 adoption. Buterin’s vision sets the stage for a future where Ethereum’s L2 ecosystem achieves instant settlement speed without compromising security, ensuring Ethereum remains the primary global settlement layer.
