Trading operations encompass the entire lifecycle of a trade, from initiation to settlement. It begins with order execution, where buyers and sellers meet on exchanges. Once a trade is agreed upon, post-trade processing kicks in, involving confirmation, matching, and reconciliation to ensure accuracy. This crucial phase minimizes errors and disputes. Clearing and settlement then finalize the transaction, where the transfer of securities and funds occurs. Risk management, including monitoring market exposure and managing collateral, is integral throughout. Ultimately, efficient trading operations ensure market integrity, liquidity, and timely delivery of assets, forming the backbone of financial markets.