Cryptocurrency regulation remains a complex, evolving landscape globally. Governments seek to balance innovation with consumer protection, financial stability, and anti-money laundering (AML) measures. In the U.S., the SEC and CFTC oversee securities and derivatives, while FinCEN enforces AML rules. The EU’s MiCA framework standardizes crypto oversight, emphasizing transparency and licensing. Tax regimes, like the U.S.’s capital gains approach, vary widely. Challenges include regulating decentralized finance (DeFi), privacy coins, and cross-border transactions. Regulatory sandboxes foster innovation, but enforcement struggles with decentralization. International cooperation, led by bodies like FATF, aims to harmonize standards, yet jurisdictional differences persist, impacting adoption and compliance.$BTC