Ethereum, conceived by Vitalik Buterin in 2013 and launched in 2015, is a decentralized blockchain platform designed to support smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). Funded by a 2014 crowd sale, it quickly gained popularity, becoming the backbone for ICOs, DeFi, and NFTs. In 2016, a major event occurred when The DAO was hacked, leading to a controversial hard fork that split Ethereum into ETH and Ethereum Classic (ETC). Over time, Ethereum faced scalability and energy efficiency challenges, prompting the transition from Proof of Work to Proof of Stake with the successful "Merge" in 2022. Subsequent upgrades like Shanghai (2023) and Dencun (2024) continued to improve performance, lower transaction costs, and prepare the network for future innovations like full sharding.

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