The most recent significant escalation between India and Pakistan occurred on May 7, 2025, when India launched airstrikes on nine locations in Pakistan, targeting what it identified as "terrorist infrastructure." This action was in retaliation for an attack two weeks earlier in Indian-administered Kashmir that resulted in 26 deaths. Pakistan reported that six sites were targeted and eight people were killed. In response, Pakistan claimed to have shot down five Indian fighter jets, marking the most severe conflict between the two nuclear-armed neighbors in over two decades.

The situation has escalated tensions between the two countries, with both sides engaging in military actions and diplomatic exchanges. India has suspended the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty and initiated comprehensive diplomatic and economic disengagement, including airspace and visa restrictions. Pakistan has denied involvement in the April attack and called for a neutral investigation. The international community has expressed concern over the potential for further escalation and has urged both nations to de-escalate the situation.

This escalation follows a deadly April 2025 attack on Hindu tourists in Kashmir, which India blames on Pakistan-based groups. The recent violence underscores the persistent tensions and failed peace efforts between the two countries over the decades.