Types of Zero-knoweldge Rollup (ZK Rollup)

Factors that differentiate various types of zero-knowledge rollups include:

Proof System: Refers to the type of zero-knowledge proof employed to verify on-chain transactions. Different proof systems possess distinct properties and trade-offs, such as proof size, verification time, prover time or trusted setup. Popular proof systems include zk-SNARKs, zk-STARKs, PLONK and Bulletproofs. Examples of zk-rollups using different proof systems are zkSync (PLONK), StarkWare (zk-STARKs), and Aztec (zk-SNARKs).

Circuit Design: Pertains to the encoding and execution of transactions on the layer-2 chain. Different circuit designs have implications for scalability, usability, and compatibility. Primary circuit designs include account-based, UTXO-based, and ZKVM-based.

Examples of zk-rollups using different circuit designs are zkSync (account-based), StarkWare (UTXO-based), and ZkPorter (ZKVM-based).

Data Availability Solution: Refers to the storage and access of full-block data off-chain. Different data availability solutions offer various pros and cons, such as decentralized storage networks (like IPFS), data availability committees (like Celestia), or data availability sampling (like Validium). Examples of zk-rollups using different data availability solutions are zkSync (IPFS), StarkWare (Validium) and ZkPorter (Celestia).

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