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As the blockchain and Web3 ecosystems continue to expand, so too does the sophistication of the threats targeting smart contracts. With financial losses totaling $1.42 billion across 149 documented incidents in 2024, it has become critical for developers and security professionals to address vulnerabilities effectively. The OWASP Smart Contract Top 10 (2025) serves as a comprehensive guide to mitigating the most significant risks in the decentralized technology landscape.
What Is the OWASP Smart Contract Top 10?
The OWASP Smart Contract Top 10 (2025) is a standardized awareness document designed to help Web3 developers and security teams identify and mitigate the top vulnerabilities commonly found in smart contracts. By focusing on these critical weaknesses, OWASP aims to ensure the security and stability of decentralized ecosystems. This initiative aligns seamlessly with OWASP's mission to improve software security through open-source projects and community education. By leveraging insights from authoritative sources, including SolidityScan’s Web3HackHub and other expert analyses, the Smart Contract Top 10 highlights the vulnerabilities that pose the greatest threat to smart contract integrity and functionality.
The 2025 OWASP Smart Contract Top 10 Vulnerabilities

Here’s a detailed look at the vulnerabilities that have caused significant disruption and financial loss in decentralized systems:
Access Control VulnerabilitiesDescription: Insufficient enforcement of permission checks can allow unauthorized users to access or modify critical contract data or functions.Impact: Access control flaws accounted for $953.2M in losses in 2024, making them the most exploited vulnerability.Price Oracle ManipulationDescription: Manipulating oracle feeds to alter contract logic and trigger financial losses or instability.Impact: Losses totaled $8.8M due to this exploit, emphasizing the need for secure integration with external data sources.
Logic ErrorsDescription: Flaws in business logic result in unintended behavior, such as incorrect token distributions or flawed lending mechanisms.Impact: These errors caused $63.8M in damages in 2024.Lack of Input ValidationDescription: Failure to validate inputs can lead to harmful manipulation of contract logic.Impact: This vulnerability resulted in $14.6M in losses.Reentrancy AttacksDescription: Exploiting the ability to reenter a function before its execution is complete, often draining funds or breaking contract logic.Impact: These attacks caused $35.7M in financial losses.Unchecked External CallsDescription: Ignoring the success or failure of external function calls can compromise contract functionality.Impact: While less frequent, this flaw resulted in $550.7K in losses.Flash Loan AttacksDescription: Exploiting the ability to execute multiple actions in a single transaction using flash loans.Impact: Losses totaled $33.8M from these attacks.Integer Overflow and UnderflowDescription: Errors in arithmetic operations caused by exceeding integer limits can disrupt calculations and result in theft.Impact: This vulnerability remains a persistent threat due to its technical simplicity.Insecure RandomnessDescription: Predictable or manipulable randomness in lotteries, token distributions, or other functions can lead to exploitation.Impact: The deterministic nature of blockchain networks exacerbates this challenge.Denial of Service (DoS) AttacksDescription: Exploiting vulnerabilities to exhaust contract resources and disrupt functionality.Impact: These attacks are often designed to disrupt normal operations by consuming excessive gas or causing infinite loops.
Data Sources and Insights
To create the OWASP Smart Contract Top 10 for 2025, data was gathered from multiple authoritative sources, including:
SolidityScan’s Web3HackHub (2024): Documenting 149 incidents, this resource highlighted access control vulnerabilities, logic errors, and reentrancy attacks as the top threats.Peter Kacherginsky’s “Top 10 DeFi Attack Vectors - 2024”: This analysis provided critical insights into evolving threats.Immunefi Crypto Losses Report: Supplemented the research with additional data on financial impacts.
These sources reveal not just the technical methods of attack but also the financial and operational impact of vulnerabilities across decentralized ecosystems.
Why This Matters

For Developers:
Incorporate secure coding practices to address the vulnerabilities outlined in the Top 10.Use the OWASP Smart Contract Top 10 as a checklist during the development lifecycle.

For Organizations:
Reduce financial and reputational risk by ensuring smart contracts are resilient to these common threats.Stay ahead of attackers by implementing comprehensive security audits and integrating tools like #SolidityScan .

For the Web3 Community:
Promote the importance of security in decentralized systems to ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem.Support open-source initiatives like OWASP to foster collaboration and knowledge sharing.
Conclusion
The OWASP Smart Contract Top 10 (2025) is a crucial tool for securing the decentralized future. By addressing the #vulnerabilities outlined in this document, developers and security professionals can reduce risks, protect assets, and build trust in blockchain technologies. The project underscores the importance of collective efforts to enhance security through open-source initiatives and community education.
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